Emotion and motivation

Question 1

What is behaviour influenced by? What can influence this?

Answer 1

Internal states
- Sensory input can change this

Question 2

What are the 4 internal states?

Answer 2

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Mating

Question 3

How to maintain a variable at a fixed state?

Answer 3

Compare the current measurement with a set point
- If it is different, an error signal will produce an effector

Question 4

What are the 2 structures involved in regulating hunger?

Answer 4

Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus

Question 5

What does the ventromedial nucleus do when electrically stimulated?

Answer 5

Causes satiety by inhibiting eating

Question 6

What does the lateral hypothalamus do when electrically stimulated?

Answer 6

Causes overeating

Question 7

What is leptin released by?

Answer 7

Adipocytes (fat)

Question 8

Where are the hypothalamic neurons stimulated by leptin found?

Answer 8

Arcuate nucelus

Question 9

What will low leptin result in?

Answer 9

Stimulate hunger and feeding
Suppresses energy
Inhibits reproductive competence

Question 10

What does the paraventricular nucleus stimulate? What is the effect of this stimulation?

Answer 10

Pituitary gland to release TSH and ACTH
And the sympathetic ns
- Effect is an increase metabolic rate

Question 11

How does glucose affect hunger and satiety levels?

Answer 11

Hunger is suppressed
Satiety is enhanced

Question 12

How is insulin affected by blood glucose levels?

Answer 12

When blood glucose levels rise, insulin increases
- This enhances satiety

Question 13

Describe the cascade of events that occurs after eating

Answer 13

Neurons detect food
- Stomach changes signals
- Hormone ghrelin
- Nutrients are released into intestines which are detected by neurons
- Neurons release CCK which triggers solitary nucleus to suppress eating

Question 14

What does GLP-1 do?

Answer 14

Suppresses appetite

Question 15

Mechanism of semaglutide

Answer 15

Promotes insulin secretion
- Reduces appetite

Question 16

Which hormone suppresses feeding behaviour?

Answer 16

Leptin

Question 17

Which hormones stimulates appetite?

Answer 17

Ghrelin
Orexin
NPY

Question 18

What is the location of the amygdala?

Answer 18

In front of the hippocampus

Question 19

Function of the amygdala

Answer 19

Activated during fearful situations

Question 20

Describe the cascade for aggression

Answer 20

Cerebral cortex ->
Amygdala ->
Hypothalamus ->
PAG, ventral tegmental area ->
Aggressive behaviour

Question 21

What does artificial activation of VMHvl cause in a mouse?

Answer 21

The mouse attacks inanimate objects
- Light activated neurons

Question 22

What is the expected effect of removing the amygdala?

Answer 22

Reduced fear

Question 23

What neurons encode unexpected rewards?

Answer 23

Dopaminergic neurons

Question 24

Function of dopamine

Answer 24

Drive ‘wanting’ or ‘motivation’

Question 25

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 25

The environment causes a subconscious psychological response -> The mental interpretation to physiological response causes the fear emotion

Question 26

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 26

Emotional experience arises from the thalamus signalling to the neocortex. Physiological reaction arises from the thalamus signalling to the hypothesis Sensory influences both at the same time

Question 27

What is the Singer-Schachter theory?

Answer 27

Physiological signals are ambiguous - Interact with cognitive interpretation of what is happening - Integration of physiological and cognitive causes emotional experience

Question 28

What is the constructivist theory?

Answer 28

Physiological signals, culture and experience and cognitive experience cause an emotional experience

Question 29

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 29

The reward/addiction pathway: - Axons from substantia nigra, in the VTA innervate the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia