Nervous system structure through development Flashcards
At what day in development is the neural plate formed?
17 days
What is the neural crest formed from?
Pinched off bits of neural ectoderm from when the tube rolls up to form the neural groove.
Describe the formation of the neural tube
The neural ectoderm starts to fold and the walls of the neural groove (neural folds) fuse together
In which axis does the neural tube fold?
Dorsally
Where are the somites formed from?
The underlying mesoderm
What do the somites develop into?
33 individual vertebrae of the spinal column
Related skeletal muscles
What nerves innervate the skeletal muscles formed from the somites?
Somatic motor neurons
What is neurulation?
The process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube
Why is it beneficial to take folic acid during pregnancy?
If the mother is deficient, the neural tube is more likely to fail to close properly
What is formed in the middle of the neural tube?
The ventricular system
What nervous system does the neural tube form?
The central nervous system
What nervous system does the neural crest form?
The peripheral nervous system
What neurons could form from the neural crest?
Neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglion cells:
- sensory neurons
- autonomic neurons
How can anencephaly (underdeveloped forebrain) occur?
When rostral closure of the neural tube doesn’t work
How can spina bifida occur?
When caudal closure of the neural tube doesn’t work
Mechanism of folic acid?
Affects the biosynthesis of DNA
What are the 3 primary brain vesicles formed after neurulation?
Prosencephalon or forebrain
Mesencephalon or midbrain
Rhombencephalon or hindbrain
Which axis do the 3 primary brain vesicles form from?
From Rostral to caudal
Where do the telencephalic vesicles develop from?
They develop from the prosencephalon
What do the telencephalic vesicles develop into?
The cerebral hemispheres
What are the optic vesicles developed from?
Prosencephalon
What do the optic vesicles develop into?
Optic stalk and optic cup
What does the optic stalk develop into?
The optic nerve
What does the optic cup develop into?
The retina
Function of the basal telencephalon?
Contains CNS nuclei that control emotion and fear regulation
Where is the inner capsule located?
In the cortical white matter
What is the function of the internal capsule?
Carries information from the cerebral cortex into the thalamus and beyond
What does the olfactory bulb process?
Sense of smell
What structures are in forebrain grey matter?
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal telencephalon
What structures are in forebrain white matter?
Corpus callosum
Cortical white matter
Internal capsule
What ventricles are in the forebrain?
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
What structures are in the midbrain?
Tectum
Tegmentum
Cerebral aqueduct
Function of the cerebral aqueduct
Connects 3rd ventricle with 4th ventricle
Function of superior colliculus?
Vision
Where is the superior colliculus located?
The rostral midbrain
Function of the periaqueductal grey?
Pain processing
Where is the periaqueductal grey located?
Rostral midbrain
Function of the red nucleus
Control of core muscles, evolutionary, controlled motor outputs prior to developed limbs
Location of the red nucleus?
Rostral midbrain
Function of substantia nigra?
Produces dopamine for movement
Location of substantia nigra
Rostral midbrain
Function of inferior colliculus
Auditory info
Location of inferior colliculus
Caudal midbrain
What is formed in the hindbrain?
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Function of vestibulocerebellum
Balance, stability of head on the body
Function of the spinocerebellum
coordination of movement and maintenance of muscle tone
Function of cerebrocerebellum
Planning movements and motor learning
Function of cerebellum
Coordination of movement
Balance
Posture
What % of CNS volume is the cerebellum?
10%
What % of CNS neurons is contained in the cerebellum?
50%
