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Neuro > Sleep and circadian rhymths > Flashcards

Sleep and circadian rhymths Flashcards

1
Q

What behavioural changes occur during sleep?

A

Reduced motor activity
Reduced response to stimulation
Stereotypic postures (closed eyes)
Easily reversible

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2
Q

What structural changes occur during sleep?

A

Properties of neurons and gene expression levels

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3
Q

How are sleep muscle movements recorded?

A

Electromyography

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4
Q

How are sleep eye movements recorded?

A

Electro-oculography

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5
Q

How is sleep brain activity recorded?

A

Electroencephalography

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6
Q

How are the muscles activity during sleep recorded?

A

The electrodes are attached to a muscle
- When the muscle depolarises, the depolarisation is recorded

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7
Q

What is an electroencephalogram used to meaure?

A

The synchronous, electrical activity from large populations of neurones in the brain

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8
Q

What are some advantages of electroencephalogram?

A
  • Non invasive
  • Generates lots of data quickly
  • High temporal resolution
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9
Q

What is the frequency of beta brain waves?

A

13-30 Hz

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10
Q

What is the frequency of Alpha brain waves?

A

8-13 Hz

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11
Q

What is the frequency of Theta brain waves?

A

4-8 Hz

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12
Q

What is the frequency of Delta brain waves?

A

0.5-4 Hz

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13
Q

Why is amplitude larger at a lower frequency?

A

Easier to have more synchronous neurons

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14
Q

Give an overview of non-rem sleep

A
  • Neuronal activity decreases
  • Metabolic rate and brain temp decreases
  • Hr and Bp decrease
  • Increase in pns activity
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15
Q

Why do heart rate and blood pressure decrease during non-rem sleep?

A

A decrease in the sympathetic nervous system activity

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16
Q

Describe sleep stage 1

A

Non REM
- Awakened easily
- Eyes move slowly, muscle activity decreases
- Sudden muscle contractions

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17
Q

What type of brain wave is seen during stage 1?

A

Alpha waves

18
Q

Describe the EOG in stage 1

A
  • Eyes show slow rolling movements
19
Q

Describe the EMG in stage 1

A

Some muscular activity

20
Q

Describe the EEG in stage 1

A

Characterised by low voltage activity of mixed frequencies
- Mainly theta waves

21
Q

Describe stage 2 of sleep

A

Light sleep
- Eye movement stops-
- Brain waves become slower with an occasional burst of rapid brain waves
- Prep for deep sleep
- Body temp drops, hr slows

22
Q

Describe the brain waves in stage 2 of sleep

A

Bursts of sinusoidal waves (sleep spindles)
- 12-14 Hz
- Biphasic waves (K complexes)

23
Q

Describe stage 3 of sleep

A

Deep sleep
- Slow delta waves interspersed with smaller faster waves
- Sleepwalking, sleep talking, bedwetting

24
Q

Describe the stage 3 brain waves

A

Delta waves 0.5-2Hz

25
Q

Describe stage 4 of sleep

A

Very deep sleep
- Disorientation following waking
- Slow wave sleep

26
Q

Describe stage 4 brain waves

A

Exclusively Delta waves
- 0.5-2 Hz

27
Q

Describe sleep stage 5

A

REM sleep
- Closed eyes move rapidly from side to side
-Mimics wakefulness
- High brain activity
- All skeletal muscles are atonic-flaccid and paralysed
- Brain temp and metabolic rate rise
- Middle ear, eyes and diaphragm are active

28
Q

Describe stage 5 brain waves

A

Similar to stage 1/awake
- Low voltage with mixed frequency

29
Q

Describe the normal sleeping pattern in humans

A

REM and Non- REM are cyclical
- Non linear
- REM appears 8-10 times

30
Q

What is the total time of a sleep cycle from stage 1 to REM?

A

90-110 mins

31
Q

What happens to stage 3&4 as REM increases?

A

They decrease in duration

32
Q

In young adults, which stage is the longest duration of sleep?

A

Stage 2 (50-60%)

33
Q

How is sleep regulated?

A
  • Diffuse modulatory neurotransmission system
  • NE and 5-HT neurons in the brainstem
  • Inhibition of motor neurons
  • Diffuse modulatory system controls rhythmic behaviour in the Thalamus
34
Q

What will lesion of the brainstem cause?

A

Sleep and coma

35
Q

What causes awakening?

A

Stimulation of the brainstem

36
Q

What precedes awakening?

A

Activation of neurons in the brainstem

37
Q

What do delta rhythms show?

A

Activity in the thalamus

38
Q

Where is there no activity during REM sleep?

A

In the frontal lobe
- In the raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus

39
Q

How long is a circadian rhythm?

A

24hrs

40
Q

What are circadian rhythms modulated by?

A

External timing cues (zeitgebers)

41
Q

What is the major internal clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- In the anterior hypothalamus

42
Q

What provide input on light to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells

Neuro (25 decks)

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