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SBI 3UP > The Human Excretory System > Flashcards

The Human Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

Major Organs

A
  • adrenal gland
  • kidney
  • inferior vena cava
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Kidneys

A

• two kidneys

Role:
•removes waste
- filters/cleans blood that enter through renal artery (receives 1.25L/min)
• balances blood pH
• maintains body’s water balance
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3
Q

Kidney Anatomy

A

• renal cortex: outer layer
• medulla: inner layer
• renal pelvis: connects the kidney to the ureter
- urine passes through the ureter, which passes to the urinary bladder
- urine exits the body through the urethra

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4
Q

Nephron: Regions

A

• each nephron is differentiated into regions

  • glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsules
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henkle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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5
Q

Glomerulus pt. 3

A

• blood enters here at high pressure
• filtration occurs
- fluid leaks through glomerular membrane, large molecules and blood cells stay in blood

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6
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • located in the renal cortex
  • a small folded structure that encircles the glomerulus
  • is the site of the site steps of filtration
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7
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule pt. 1

A

• proximal convoluted tubule: the first site of reabsorption

  • materials are transferred back into interstitial fluid
    1. Water
    2. Ions (K, NA, Cl)
    3. Nutrients
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8
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule pt. 3

A
  • walls of the tubules are lined with microvilli to aid reabsorption
  • urea, and other unwanted materials are not reabsorbed
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9
Q

Descending Loop of Henle

A

• very permeable to water
• not very permeable to ions
• water from filtrate continues to be reabsorbed into interstitial space
- osmosis and aquaporins (due to higher concentrations of Na and Cl in interstitial space

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10
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • additional water and salts are removed from filtrate
  • secretion occurs
  • waste molecule still left in the blood are passed into nephron to be removed in urine
  • permeability can change depending on if ADH is present
  • K
  • additional active secretion of H
    (helps to control blood’s pH)
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11
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

• concentrates filtrate of urea and wastes flow into collecting ducts
• many nephrons empty into each collecting duct
• further removal of water if needed
- greatly concentrates urine

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12
Q

Filtration Parts

A
  • glomerulus

* Bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

Reabsorption Parts

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • descending loop of Henle
  • ascending loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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14
Q

Nephron

A

• found in the kidneys
- each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons
• the functional untis of the kidney
• specialized tubules to regulate water balance and conduct excretion

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15
Q

Filtration: Golerulus Part 1

A
  • located in the renal cortex
  • a group of blood capillaries that originate from the renal artery
  • blood leading towards the glomerulus is by the afferent arteriole
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16
Q

Filtration: Glomerulus Part 2

A
  • encased by the Bowman’s capsule
  • supplies the original unfiltered blood
  • filtered blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole
17
Q

Glomerulus: Filtrate (passing into capsule)

A
  • plasma (20%)
  • water
  • sugars
  • amino acids
  • salts
  • wastss (urea, uric acid)
18
Q

Glomerulus: Remaining in Arteriole

A
  • blood cells
  • large proteins (can’t fit through pores)
  • plasma (80%)
19
Q

Filtration: Amounts

A

• 1400L of blood pass through the kidneys each day
• 180L enters into the Bowman’s capsule
• kidneys will filter blood plasma 65 times/day
- only 1.5L of daily filtrate is excreted as urine

20
Q

Reabsorbtion: Priximal Convoluted Tubule Part 2

A

• reabsorption occurs through passive and active
• Ion pumps for: K+, Na+, Cl-
- Reabsorbs into the interstitial fluid
• active transport proteins
- reabsorbs aa’s, glucose, and other nutrients

21
Q

Reabsorbtion: Priximal Convoluted Tubule Part 4

A

• filtrate becomes hypoosmotic to interstitial fluid
- causes water flow out of tubules by osmosis
- water movement also aided by aquaporins
• reabsorbed water and nutrients enter into peritubular capillaries from the interstitial space

22
Q

Reabsorption: Ascending Loop of Henle

A

• very permeable ions
• impermeable to water
• Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed from filtrate into interstitial fluid
- first by passive diffusion
> high concentration gradients
- secondly by active transport
> concentration gradients lessen near the top of the loop
• urea and nitrogenous wastes become concentrated in the filtrate

SBI 3UP (19 decks)

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