Ergogenic Aids

Question 1

MAP

Answer 1

MAP = CO x TPR

CO = HR x SV

MAP = (HR x SV) x TPR

• CO = cardiac output
  TPR = Total Peripheral Resistance
  SV = Stroke Volume

Question 2

Blood Doping Steps

Answer 2

Step 1. Withdrawal of Blood
• 500 ml of blood is withdrawn
• RBC’s separates from all the other components (ie. plasma)
• RBC are frozen and stored until needed

Step 2. Resynthesis of Red Blood Cells
• kidneys detect decrease of RBC
• increases secretion of EPO and causes production of new RBC

Step 3. Reinfuse Red Blood Cells
• after RBC count has returned to normal the frozen RBC are out back in the body

Question 3

Blood Doping Risks

Answer 3

Dangers
• increased RBC count (hematocrit) -> increased viscosity
• increased peripheral resistance -> increased mean arterial pressure
• MAP = HR x SV x TPR
• RISK OF HEART ATTACK OR STROKE

Question 4

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 4

• EPO stimulates production of red blood cell
• EPO Effects
• increased amount of hemoglobin
• increased hemoglobin -> increased O2 carried in the blood

• Dangers

• increased blood viscosity
• RISK OF HEART ATTACK AND OR STROKE

Question 5

Altitude Training: Adaptation

Answer 5

• training at a higher altitude will cause the body to adapt naturally
• at higher altitude, it is harder for oxygen to enter into the blood stream
• training at a higher altitude will cause the body to adapt naturally
• at higher altitudes, it is harder for oxygen to enter in the blood
• as an adaptation, body will naturally begin to produce more Hb
-same effect as taking EPO

Question 6

Ergogenic Aids

Answer 6

• a substance or procedure which may, or is perceived to, enhance performance

Question 7

Blood Doping Process

Answer 7

• begins many weeks before a competition

* a method to help increase the RBC count

Question 8

Blood Doping Results: Increase Blood Volume

Answer 8

• increased RBC count
• increased hemoglobin concentration
**INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD RETURNING TO HEART
• increases the amount of blood that the heart can pump out with every beat

Question 9

Blood Doping Results: Increased Hemoglobin Concentration

Answer 9

• increased transport of O2
• increased removal of CO2
• increased performance as active muscles are provided with more O2
• decreased adverse effects of exercise (fatigue, lactic acid buildup, etc.)
- more waste product can bind to Hb and be released
• significant improvement in endurance performance

Question 10

Blood Doping: Detection

Answer 10

• ratio between the amount of red blood cells and EPO is abnormal
• very high RBC and very low EPO
- this relationship should not exist naturally

Question 11

Erythropoietin (EPO): Detection

Answer 11

• using EPO is easily detectable
• body can only secrete a specific amount of EPO
• hematocrit levels above normal
- normal hematocrit level = 43%
- if hematocrit levels in body is higher than normal (<50%) then suspected of taking the substance

Question 12

Altitude Training Overview

Answer 12

Problem:
• it is harder to train at higher altitudes because of the thin air
• inability to train hard counteracts effect of increased Hb
Solution:
• live at high altitudes
• train at sea level
Advantage:
• undetectable
• all the changes within the body are natural effects
Con:
• very expensive