Cardiac Health Indicators

Question 1

Cardiac Output

Answer 1

• the amount of blood pumped from your heart per minute
• cardiac output = HR x SV
• HR - the number of times it beats/min
• SV - the amount of blood pumped/beat

Question 2

Cardiac Output: Stroke Volume

Answer 2

• volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat

Question 3

Cardiac Output: Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

Answer 3

• increased sympathetic messages cause heart to beat harder
• harder beating causes more blood return to heart
- more filled the heart is, the harder the heart pumps
- the harder the heart pumps, the more blood is pumped out
• more stretch causes more forceful beat

Question 4

Blood Pressure (Pulse Pressure): Diastole

Answer 4

• the pressure when the heart is relaxing
• AV valves are relaxed and ventricles begin to fill (passive filling due to pressure differences)
• diastole ends when the atria begin to contract to finish filling the ventricles

Question 5

Blood Pressure (Pulse Pressure): Systole

Answer 5

• the pressure when the blood is being expelled from the heart
• during this time the valves are closed so that blood does not flow back into the area

Question 6

Blood Pressure

Answer 6

BP = Systolic Pressure
————————-
Diastolic Pressure

• normal BP of adults is 120 mmHg/ 80 mmHg
• high BP - 140 mmHg/90 mmHg
• low BP - 90 mmHg/60 mmHg

Question 7

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Factors

Answer 7

• mean arterial pressure is the products of two factors:

1. Cardiac Output
2. Total Peripheral Resistance

• MAP = CO x TPR
• MAP = (HR x SV) x TPR

Question 8

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Adaptions to Endurance Exercise

Answer 8

• moderate intensity (60-80%)
• moderate duration (>20 min)
• moderate frequency (3-4 times a week)
• running, swimming, cycling

Question 9

MAP Adaptations to Endurance Exercise: Adaption 2 - Decrease HR

Answer 9

• decreases HR compensates for increased increased SV
• maintains regular MAP
• decreases HR is a significant adaptation because most of your time is spent at rest
• decreases the workload of your heart

Question 10

MAP Adaptations to Endurance Exercise: Adaptation 4 - Preventing Fatty Buildup

Answer 10

• exercising breaks down pre-existing plaque buildup? Unknown
• prolonged exercise prevents further buildup of plaque on arteries
• prevents an increase in TPR

Question 11

Cardiac Output: Heart Rate

Answer 11

Heart Rate
• Number of BPM
• HR controlled by nervous system
- sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 12

Cardiac Output: Factors affecting Heart Rate

Answer 12

1. Emotional State
• fear, excitement, stress, increase HR
• relaxation, decrease HR
2. Physical Activity 
• increased PA, decreased HR
3. Temperature
• high temp speeds up metabolism, increases HR
4. Acidity 
• increased acidity during exercise (lactic acid), increases HR
5. Hormones and Chemicals 
• adrenalin, nicotine, caffeine (increase)
• insulin, alchohol (decrease)

Question 13

Blood Pressure (Pulse Pressure)

Answer 13

• amount of pressure produced by Blood depends on four major factors:

• heart rate
• blood volume
• diameter of arteries
• elasticity of arteries

Question 14

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

Answer 14

1. Heart Rate
   • faster heart beat = greater blood pressure
2. Blood Volume
   • decrease in blood volume (ie. massive blood loss) = drop in pressure
3. Diameter of the Arteries
   • reduced diameter (ie. plaque buildup) = increase BP
   • increased diameter = decreased BP
4. Elasticity of Arteries
   • ability of arteries to expand
   • decrease in ability to expand (hardened ateries) = increased BP

Question 15

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer 15

• the AVERAGE pressure exerted on your arteries throughout your system
• MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)

Question 16

Normal Value for MAP

Answer 16

• normal BP is 120mm/80mm Hg
- MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)
- MAP = 80 + 1/3 (120-80)
- MAP ~ 93 mmHg
• normal range of MAP = (90-100 mmHg)

Question 17

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Answer 17

• the amount of resistance to the flow of blood
• TPR affected by
- vasoconstriction/vasodilation of arteries and arterioles
- number of capillaries
- plaque buildup
• MAP = (HR×SV)×TPR

Question 18

MAP Endurance Adaptation 1: Increased SV

Answer 18

• expansion of space within left ventricle
• takes in more blood
• pumps more blood out per beat

Question 19

MAP Endurance Adaptation 3: Decrease TPR

Answer 19

• body generates more capillaries
• more capillaries allows blood to disperse in more places (decreases pressure)
• greatly decreases the resistance of flow at muscles
• meets the O2 demands of exercising muscles
• MAJOR CAUSE FOR DECREASE IN MAP!