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A&P > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is located in the ________ cavity.

A

thoracic

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2
Q

The heart is on average the size of a _______.

A

fist

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3
Q

The ______ side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body.

A

left

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4
Q

The _____ side of the heart receives “used” blood.

A

right

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5
Q

The ______ side of the heart works the hardest.

A

left

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6
Q

Why does the left side of the heart work the hardest?

A

Because it has to pump the blood volume throughout the body.

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7
Q

What ventricle is the largest?

A

left

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8
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are called the ________.

A

atria

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9
Q

The lower chambers of the heart are called the ______.

A

ventricles

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10
Q

Beside upper and lower, the heart is further divided into _____ and _____ sides.

A

left, right

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11
Q

The _______ divides the left and right sides of the heart.

A

septum

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12
Q

Valves prevent ________ of the blood.

A

backflow

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13
Q

Located between the atria and ventricles is the ______ ______ (AKA as _______)

A

right atrioventricular (tricuspid)

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14
Q

The left artrioventricular valve is also known as:

A

mitral or biscupid valve

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15
Q

The bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing backward into the ______.

A

atria

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16
Q

Located in the right ventricle, the ________ valve prevents backflow of blood on the ________ side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary, right

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17
Q

The left ventricle forces blood through the ______ valve.

A

aortic

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18
Q

List the 4 chambers of the heart:

A

(1) upper
(2) lower
(3) right
(4) left

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19
Q

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are separated by the ______.

A

septum

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20
Q

The _____ is the largest vessel in the human body.

A

Aorta

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21
Q

______ carry deoxygenated blood and are ______ in color.

A

Veins, blue

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22
Q

_______ carry oxygenated blood and are _____ in color.

A

arteries, red

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23
Q

The heart muscle has its own supply of blood that comes from the ________ ________that make up the _______ layer.

A

coronary arteries, myocardium

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24
Q

When there is no good flow of blood to the heart, a _______ _______ can occur.

A

myocardial infarction

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25
Q

An MI occurs when there is no ______ being carried to the heart.

A

oxygen

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26
Q

The circuit of the right heart can be described as a ______ circuit.

A

pulmonary

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27
Q

The right side of the heart has blood that is ______ in oxygen.

A

low

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28
Q

The left side of the heart has blood that is _____ in oxygen.

A

high

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29
Q

The circuit of the left heart can be described as a _______ circuit.

A

systemic

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30
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through :

A

Inferior or superior vena cava

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31
Q

The _____ vena cava carries blood to the heart from the lower extremities.

A

inferior

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32
Q

The _______ vena cava carries blood to the heart from the head and neck.

A

superior

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33
Q

Blood entering the heart from the vena cava is first brought to the ______ _______.

A

right atrium

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34
Q

Blood leaves the right atrium through the ______ ______ (_______).

A

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

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35
Q

Blood travels from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ________ ________.

A

right ventricle

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36
Q

Blood leaves the right ventricle through the _____ ______.

A

pulmonary valve

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37
Q

Blood leaving the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve goes to the ______.

A

lungs

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38
Q

Blood from the lungs passes through the left and right ______ ______.

A

pulmonary veins

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39
Q

After coming from the pulmonary veins, blood is routed to the _____ ______.

A

left atrium

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40
Q

Blood enters the left atria from the pulmonary veins through the ______ _______.

A

bicuspid valve

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41
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the ______.

A

aorta

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42
Q

The ____ and ____ nodes tell the heart how to contract.

A

SA, VA

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43
Q

The SA and VA nodes are also known as

A

the heart’s natural pacemaker.

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44
Q

The heart has ____ chambers.

A

4

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45
Q

Two upper chambers of the heart are called

A

atria

46
Q

Two lower chambers of the heart are called

A

ventricles

47
Q

What is the sac-like lining that encloses and protects the heart?

A

pericardium

48
Q

The pericardium has two basic linings:

(1) The _______ pericardium is the outer part
(2) The ________ pericardium produces a fluid to prevent friction.

A

fibrous

serous

49
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium is called _______.

A

pericarditis

50
Q

The _________ _______ are modified plasma membranes that firmly attach to adjacent cells and to each other but allow for rapid transfer of electric pusles between them.

A

intercalcated disks

51
Q

________ is the contraction of one fiber that makes the whole group contract.

A

branching

52
Q

What is the middle layer of the 3 layers of the heart?

A

myocardium

53
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

54
Q

The blood supply of the myocardium comes from the _______ ________.

A

Coronary circuit

55
Q

The left and right _____ ______ feed the heart muscle

A

coronary arteries

56
Q

The left and right coronary arteries are the ______ branch of the aorta.

A

1st

57
Q

The blood that feeds the heart is brought back to the _____ atrium via the _______ _______ to mix with the _______ _______.

A

right
coronary sinus
pulmonary circuit

58
Q

_________ of the coronary circuit components can cause myocardial infarction.

A

Occlusion

59
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the _____ and ______ vena cava.

A

inferior, superior

60
Q

The left atrium receives blood from the _______.

A

lungs

61
Q

The _____ ventricle pumps blood to the _______ via the pulmonary circuit.

A

right, lungs

62
Q

The blood that is pumped by the right ventricle is _______ in oxygen.

A

low

63
Q

The pulmonary circuit is on the ______ side of the heart.

A

right

64
Q

The systemic circuit is on the ______ side of the heart.

A

left

65
Q

The _____ side of the heart deals with low oxygen blood.

A

right

66
Q

The ____ side of the heart deals with high oxygen blood.

A

left

67
Q

What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?

A

tricuspid

68
Q

What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?

A

bicuspid, mitral

69
Q

The right and left atrioventricular valves prevent ________.

A

backflow of the blood

70
Q

The pulmonary valve is locatd on the ______ side between the _______ and pulmonary trunk.

A

right; ventricle

71
Q

The apex is formed by the ___________/

A

left ventricle

72
Q

The _______ ______ are fibers that help anchor the valves so that the valves stay closed when the ventricles contract.

A

chordae tendineae

73
Q

The right and left sides pump _______.

A

together

74
Q

_______ is the active phase of the heart cycle.

A

Systole

75
Q

________ is the resting phase of the heart cycle.

A

Diastole

76
Q

One complete sequence of contraction and resting is called the ____ ____.

A

cardiac cycle

77
Q

The cardiac cycle happens in how many beats?

A

1

78
Q

Diastole begins in the _____ when the ventricles are resting.

A

atria

79
Q

When the atria are resting, the _____ are active.

A

ventricles

80
Q

The volume of blood that is pumped by each ventricle in one minute is called the _______ _______.

A

Cardiac output

81
Q

_______ impulses make the heart contract and regulate the heart.

A

electric

82
Q

The natural pacemaker is the ______ ______.

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

83
Q

The SA node is found in the upper part of the ______ atrium.

A

right

84
Q

The SA node keeps the heart rate to between ____ and ___ bpm.

A

60,80

85
Q

________ ______ reach between the left and right atrium from the SA node.

A

internodal fibers

86
Q

The _____ _____ is in the lower part of the right atrium and can be used as a backup pacemaker.

A

atrialventricular node

87
Q

When the SA node isn’t working, the AV node can keep the heart beating at ___ to ____ bpm.

A

40-60

88
Q

The ______ ___ ______ is at the junction of the atria and ventricles in the septal area.

A

Bundles of His

89
Q

______ ______ travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibers

90
Q

Normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node is called ______ _____.

A

sinus rhythm

91
Q

Heart rate < 60.

A

bradycardia

92
Q

Heart rate >100

A

tachycardia

93
Q

Regular variation in rhythm caused by changes in breathing depth and rate.

A

sinus arrhthmia

94
Q

A beat that comes before a regular beat.

A

Extrasystole or premature beat

95
Q

Extrasystole or premature beat can be caused by:

A

caffeine, nicotine, or other stimulants.

96
Q

Control of the heart rate generates within the heart but can also be influenced by outside sources such as

A

hormones, medications, and the sympathetic nervous system.

97
Q

Name the two heart sounds.

A

S1 =”lub”

S1 = “dup”

98
Q

The 1st heart sound, “lub”, is caused by the closure of the ______ valves and is the shorter/longer sound.

A

AV valves; longer

99
Q

The 2nd heart sound, “dup”, is caused by the closure of the ______ and _______ valves and is shorter/longer.

A

pulmonic, aortic; shorter

100
Q

Abnormal heart sounds are called

A

murmurs

101
Q

Murmurs are often caused by a ______ that doesn’t close like it should.

A

valve

102
Q

List the two types of murmurs:

A

(1) from stenosis (narrowing) of a valve opening;

(2) organic murmur

103
Q

Organic murmurs are ______ in nature.

A

functional

104
Q

List 4 things that cannot be changed that indicated for heart health.

A

(1) age, (2) body type, (3) heredity, and (4) gender

105
Q

List 4 things that can be controlled for heart health.

A

(1) smoking, (2) obesity, (3) diabetes, (4) high blood pressure

106
Q

List 3 markers used to measure heart health.

A

(1) C-reactive Protein
(2) homocysteine
(3) Lipoprotein

107
Q

Records the electrical activity of the heart as it functions.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

108
Q

Catherization uses a ______ to guide the catheter.

A

fluoroscope

109
Q

Dye injection during catheterization

A

coronary angiography

110
Q

An ultrasound of the heart

A

echocardiography

111
Q

List some effects of aging in the heart:

A

(1) smaller, (2) decreases in contraction strength, (3) valves become less flexible, (4) cardiac output decreases, and (5) abnormal rhythms.

A&P (15 decks)

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