The Heart Flashcards
The heart is located in the ________ cavity.
thoracic
The heart is on average the size of a _______.
fist
The ______ side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body.
left
The _____ side of the heart receives “used” blood.
right
The ______ side of the heart works the hardest.
left
Why does the left side of the heart work the hardest?
Because it has to pump the blood volume throughout the body.
What ventricle is the largest?
left
The upper chambers of the heart are called the ________.
atria
The lower chambers of the heart are called the ______.
ventricles
Beside upper and lower, the heart is further divided into _____ and _____ sides.
left, right
The _______ divides the left and right sides of the heart.
septum
Valves prevent ________ of the blood.
backflow
Located between the atria and ventricles is the ______ ______ (AKA as _______)
right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
The left artrioventricular valve is also known as:
mitral or biscupid valve
The bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing backward into the ______.
atria
Located in the right ventricle, the ________ valve prevents backflow of blood on the ________ side of the heart.
Pulmonary, right
The left ventricle forces blood through the ______ valve.
aortic
List the 4 chambers of the heart:
(1) upper
(2) lower
(3) right
(4) left
The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are separated by the ______.
septum
The _____ is the largest vessel in the human body.
Aorta
______ carry deoxygenated blood and are ______ in color.
Veins, blue
_______ carry oxygenated blood and are _____ in color.
arteries, red
The heart muscle has its own supply of blood that comes from the ________ ________that make up the _______ layer.
coronary arteries, myocardium
When there is no good flow of blood to the heart, a _______ _______ can occur.
myocardial infarction
An MI occurs when there is no ______ being carried to the heart.
oxygen
The circuit of the right heart can be described as a ______ circuit.
pulmonary
The right side of the heart has blood that is ______ in oxygen.
low
The left side of the heart has blood that is _____ in oxygen.
high
The circuit of the left heart can be described as a _______ circuit.
systemic
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through :
Inferior or superior vena cava
The _____ vena cava carries blood to the heart from the lower extremities.
inferior
The _______ vena cava carries blood to the heart from the head and neck.
superior
Blood entering the heart from the vena cava is first brought to the ______ _______.
right atrium
Blood leaves the right atrium through the ______ ______ (_______).
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
Blood travels from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ________ ________.
right ventricle
Blood leaves the right ventricle through the _____ ______.
pulmonary valve
Blood leaving the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve goes to the ______.
lungs
Blood from the lungs passes through the left and right ______ ______.
pulmonary veins
After coming from the pulmonary veins, blood is routed to the _____ ______.
left atrium
Blood enters the left atria from the pulmonary veins through the ______ _______.
bicuspid valve
Blood leaves the left ventricle through the ______.
aorta
The ____ and ____ nodes tell the heart how to contract.
SA, VA
The SA and VA nodes are also known as
the heart’s natural pacemaker.
The heart has ____ chambers.
4
Two upper chambers of the heart are called
atria
Two lower chambers of the heart are called
ventricles
What is the sac-like lining that encloses and protects the heart?
pericardium
The pericardium has two basic linings:
(1) The _______ pericardium is the outer part
(2) The ________ pericardium produces a fluid to prevent friction.
fibrous
serous
Inflammation of the pericardium is called _______.
pericarditis
The _________ _______ are modified plasma membranes that firmly attach to adjacent cells and to each other but allow for rapid transfer of electric pusles between them.
intercalcated disks
________ is the contraction of one fiber that makes the whole group contract.
branching
What is the middle layer of the 3 layers of the heart?
myocardium
What is the thickest layer of the heart?
myocardium
The blood supply of the myocardium comes from the _______ ________.
Coronary circuit
The left and right _____ ______ feed the heart muscle
coronary arteries
The left and right coronary arteries are the ______ branch of the aorta.
1st
The blood that feeds the heart is brought back to the _____ atrium via the _______ _______ to mix with the _______ _______.
right
coronary sinus
pulmonary circuit
_________ of the coronary circuit components can cause myocardial infarction.
Occlusion
The right atrium receives blood from the _____ and ______ vena cava.
inferior, superior
The left atrium receives blood from the _______.
lungs
The _____ ventricle pumps blood to the _______ via the pulmonary circuit.
right, lungs
The blood that is pumped by the right ventricle is _______ in oxygen.
low
The pulmonary circuit is on the ______ side of the heart.
right
The systemic circuit is on the ______ side of the heart.
left
The _____ side of the heart deals with low oxygen blood.
right
The ____ side of the heart deals with high oxygen blood.
left
What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve?
tricuspid
What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve?
bicuspid, mitral
The right and left atrioventricular valves prevent ________.
backflow of the blood
The pulmonary valve is locatd on the ______ side between the _______ and pulmonary trunk.
right; ventricle
The apex is formed by the ___________/
left ventricle
The _______ ______ are fibers that help anchor the valves so that the valves stay closed when the ventricles contract.
chordae tendineae
The right and left sides pump _______.
together
_______ is the active phase of the heart cycle.
Systole
________ is the resting phase of the heart cycle.
Diastole
One complete sequence of contraction and resting is called the ____ ____.
cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle happens in how many beats?
1
Diastole begins in the _____ when the ventricles are resting.
atria
When the atria are resting, the _____ are active.
ventricles
The volume of blood that is pumped by each ventricle in one minute is called the _______ _______.
Cardiac output
_______ impulses make the heart contract and regulate the heart.
electric
The natural pacemaker is the ______ ______.
sinoatrial node (SA node)
The SA node is found in the upper part of the ______ atrium.
right
The SA node keeps the heart rate to between ____ and ___ bpm.
60,80
________ ______ reach between the left and right atrium from the SA node.
internodal fibers
The _____ _____ is in the lower part of the right atrium and can be used as a backup pacemaker.
atrialventricular node
When the SA node isn’t working, the AV node can keep the heart beating at ___ to ____ bpm.
40-60
The ______ ___ ______ is at the junction of the atria and ventricles in the septal area.
Bundles of His
______ ______ travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
Normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node is called ______ _____.
sinus rhythm
Heart rate < 60.
bradycardia
Heart rate >100
tachycardia
Regular variation in rhythm caused by changes in breathing depth and rate.
sinus arrhthmia
A beat that comes before a regular beat.
Extrasystole or premature beat
Extrasystole or premature beat can be caused by:
caffeine, nicotine, or other stimulants.
Control of the heart rate generates within the heart but can also be influenced by outside sources such as
hormones, medications, and the sympathetic nervous system.
Name the two heart sounds.
S1 =”lub”
S1 = “dup”
The 1st heart sound, “lub”, is caused by the closure of the ______ valves and is the shorter/longer sound.
AV valves; longer
The 2nd heart sound, “dup”, is caused by the closure of the ______ and _______ valves and is shorter/longer.
pulmonic, aortic; shorter
Abnormal heart sounds are called
murmurs
Murmurs are often caused by a ______ that doesn’t close like it should.
valve
List the two types of murmurs:
(1) from stenosis (narrowing) of a valve opening;
(2) organic murmur
Organic murmurs are ______ in nature.
functional
List 4 things that cannot be changed that indicated for heart health.
(1) age, (2) body type, (3) heredity, and (4) gender
List 4 things that can be controlled for heart health.
(1) smoking, (2) obesity, (3) diabetes, (4) high blood pressure
List 3 markers used to measure heart health.
(1) C-reactive Protein
(2) homocysteine
(3) Lipoprotein
Records the electrical activity of the heart as it functions.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Catherization uses a ______ to guide the catheter.
fluoroscope
Dye injection during catheterization
coronary angiography
An ultrasound of the heart
echocardiography
List some effects of aging in the heart:
(1) smaller, (2) decreases in contraction strength, (3) valves become less flexible, (4) cardiac output decreases, and (5) abnormal rhythms.
