The Endocrine System Flashcards
A group of glands that produce chemicals called hormones.
The endocrine system
The Endocrine system is part of the body’s __________ system.
regulatory
The endocrine system works closely with the ________ system.
Nervous
The endocrine and nervous system interact especially with the _________ glands and the ________.
Pituitary; hypothalamus
The ______ controls the pituitary, which then regulates the other glands.
hypothalamus
Hormones are released directly into the ______.
blood
List 4 functions of hormones
(1) regulate growth, (2) regulate metabolism, (3) reproduction, (4) behavior
A type of tissue acted on by a hormone is a
target tissue
List the 2 categories of hormones
(1) Amino Acids, (2) steroids
_____ _____ are made of proteins and consist of all the hormones except those that the adrenal cortex produces and sex hormones.
Amino acids
Produced by the adrenal cortex, a type of liquid, and sex hormones.
steroids
The process that keeps hormone levels at a constant level
Negative feedback
“The Master Gland”; located in the brain and surrounded by bone except where it connects with the hypothalamus.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is divided into 2 lobes….what are the lobes called?
(1) anterior, (2) posterior
Control of the pituitary comes from hormones released from the ________.
hypothalamus
Hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate release from the _________ pituitary.
anterior
List the 6 hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary:
(1) Growth Hormone (GH), (2) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), (3) ACTH, (4) Prolactin, (5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and (6) Luteinizing Hormone
Primarily for growth of skeletal muscle and long bones
Growth Hormone (GH)
Targets the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone T3, T4, etc.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Production of hormones in the adrenal cortex:
ACTH
Production of breast milk:
prolactin
Stimulates the development of eggs/sperm
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Causes ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males and females:
Luteinizing hormone
List the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary:
(1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), (2) Oxytocin
Promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidneys
ADH
Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
oxytocin
Oxytocin operates under a _______ feedback mechanism.
Positive
The largest of the endocrine glands, the ________ gland is located in the neck.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is divided into ____ and _____ lobes.
left and right
The hormones of the thyroid glands regulate _________.
metabolism
List the 3 hormones of the thyroid gland.
T3, T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin
_________ controls calcium metabolism by decreasing the calcium circulating in the blood.
calcitonin
There are 4 ________ glands embedded in the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
The parathyroid hormone ______ is also known as _____.
PTH, calcitrol
Calcitrol ______ calcium in the bloodstream through _____ feedback.
increases; negative
PTH (Calcitrol) helps the _______ conserve calcium.
kidneys
List the 2 adrenal glands.
(1) Adrenal medulla (inner), (2) Adrenal cortex (outer)
Controls the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla controls the sympathetic nervous system through the excretion of (2)
epinephrine, norepinephrine
The adrenal cortex excretes 3 hormones:
(1) Glucocorticoids, (2) mineralocorticoids, and (3) sex hormones
The glucocorticoids help regulate protein and fat metabolism (and, subsequently, energy) through:
cortisol, anti-inflammatories
Regulates electrolyte balance through sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion/excretion in the _______.
mineralocorticoids, kidneys
The endocrine ______ is also part of the GI system and digestion.
pancreas
The Islets of Langerhans are divided into ______ and _____.
alpha, beta
The ______ Islets of Langerhans secrete ______, which raises blood sugar.
Alpha, glucagon
The _____ Islets of Langerhans secrete ____ which lowers blood sugar.
Beta, insulin
The sex glands are the ____ in females and the ____ in males.
ovaries, testes
The sex glands are responsible for _____ ________ and _________.
sex characteristics, development
The male sex hormone, _______, is excreted in the ______.
testosterone, testes
The female sex hormones, ________ and _____ are responsible for:
estrogen, progesterone; (1) menarche, (2) development of breasts, (3) reproductive organs, and (4) pregnancy
The _______ gland is located _______ to the midbrain.
pineal; posterior
The pineal gland produces _______ and helps in the _____/_____ cycle.
melatonin; sleep/wake
The _____ is located in the upper part of the chest, ______ to the heart.
thymus, superior
Useful in immune system, especially in young children.
Thymus gland
________ helps T-cells mature.
Thymosin
The hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the creation of red blood cells.
erythropoeiten
In the heart, the atria produces _____. This hormone increases the loss of salt by the kidneys to _______ blood pressure.
ANP, lower
Hormone-like substances derived from fatty acids are called _________.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins cause _______ processes, _______, and _______.
inflammatory, constriction, dilation
________ can block the effects of prostaglandins.
Aspirin
Prostaglandins can affect pregnancy through ______ and _____.
labor, abortion.
List some of the types of hormone treatments (HT) available:
(1) growth hormone, (2) insulin, (3) adrenal steroids to decrease inflammation, (4) immunosuppresants, (5) asthma and allergy treatments, (6) oxytocin to promote labor
