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A&P > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

A group of glands that produce chemicals called hormones.

A

The endocrine system

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2
Q

The Endocrine system is part of the body’s __________ system.

A

regulatory

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3
Q

The endocrine system works closely with the ________ system.

A

Nervous

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4
Q

The endocrine and nervous system interact especially with the _________ glands and the ________.

A

Pituitary; hypothalamus

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5
Q

The ______ controls the pituitary, which then regulates the other glands.

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

Hormones are released directly into the ______.

A

blood

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7
Q

List 4 functions of hormones

A

(1) regulate growth, (2) regulate metabolism, (3) reproduction, (4) behavior

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8
Q

A type of tissue acted on by a hormone is a

A

target tissue

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9
Q

List the 2 categories of hormones

A

(1) Amino Acids, (2) steroids

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10
Q

_____ _____ are made of proteins and consist of all the hormones except those that the adrenal cortex produces and sex hormones.

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

Produced by the adrenal cortex, a type of liquid, and sex hormones.

A

steroids

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12
Q

The process that keeps hormone levels at a constant level

A

Negative feedback

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13
Q

“The Master Gland”; located in the brain and surrounded by bone except where it connects with the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary gland

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14
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into 2 lobes….what are the lobes called?

A

(1) anterior, (2) posterior

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15
Q

Control of the pituitary comes from hormones released from the ________.

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate release from the _________ pituitary.

A

anterior

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17
Q

List the 6 hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary:

A

(1) Growth Hormone (GH), (2) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), (3) ACTH, (4) Prolactin, (5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and (6) Luteinizing Hormone

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18
Q

Primarily for growth of skeletal muscle and long bones

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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19
Q

Targets the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone T3, T4, etc.

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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20
Q

Production of hormones in the adrenal cortex:

A

ACTH

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21
Q

Production of breast milk:

A

prolactin

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22
Q

Stimulates the development of eggs/sperm

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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23
Q

Causes ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males and females:

A

Luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

List the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary:

A

(1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), (2) Oxytocin

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25
Q

Promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidneys

A

ADH

26
Q

Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.

A

oxytocin

27
Q

Oxytocin operates under a _______ feedback mechanism.

A

Positive

28
Q

The largest of the endocrine glands, the ________ gland is located in the neck.

A

Thyroid

29
Q

The thyroid gland is divided into ____ and _____ lobes.

A

left and right

30
Q

The hormones of the thyroid glands regulate _________.

A

metabolism

31
Q

List the 3 hormones of the thyroid gland.

A

T3, T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin

32
Q

_________ controls calcium metabolism by decreasing the calcium circulating in the blood.

A

calcitonin

33
Q

There are 4 ________ glands embedded in the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid

34
Q

The parathyroid hormone ______ is also known as _____.

A

PTH, calcitrol

35
Q

Calcitrol ______ calcium in the bloodstream through _____ feedback.

A

increases; negative

36
Q

PTH (Calcitrol) helps the _______ conserve calcium.

A

kidneys

37
Q

List the 2 adrenal glands.

A

(1) Adrenal medulla (inner), (2) Adrenal cortex (outer)

38
Q

Controls the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Adrenal medulla

39
Q

The adrenal medulla controls the sympathetic nervous system through the excretion of (2)

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

40
Q

The adrenal cortex excretes 3 hormones:

A

(1) Glucocorticoids, (2) mineralocorticoids, and (3) sex hormones

41
Q

The glucocorticoids help regulate protein and fat metabolism (and, subsequently, energy) through:

A

cortisol, anti-inflammatories

42
Q

Regulates electrolyte balance through sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion/excretion in the _______.

A

mineralocorticoids, kidneys

43
Q

The endocrine ______ is also part of the GI system and digestion.

A

pancreas

44
Q

The Islets of Langerhans are divided into ______ and _____.

A

alpha, beta

45
Q

The ______ Islets of Langerhans secrete ______, which raises blood sugar.

A

Alpha, glucagon

46
Q

The _____ Islets of Langerhans secrete ____ which lowers blood sugar.

A

Beta, insulin

47
Q

The sex glands are the ____ in females and the ____ in males.

A

ovaries, testes

48
Q

The sex glands are responsible for _____ ________ and _________.

A

sex characteristics, development

49
Q

The male sex hormone, _______, is excreted in the ______.

A

testosterone, testes

50
Q

The female sex hormones, ________ and _____ are responsible for:

A

estrogen, progesterone; (1) menarche, (2) development of breasts, (3) reproductive organs, and (4) pregnancy

51
Q

The _______ gland is located _______ to the midbrain.

A

pineal; posterior

52
Q

The pineal gland produces _______ and helps in the _____/_____ cycle.

A

melatonin; sleep/wake

53
Q

The _____ is located in the upper part of the chest, ______ to the heart.

A

thymus, superior

54
Q

Useful in immune system, especially in young children.

A

Thymus gland

55
Q

________ helps T-cells mature.

A

Thymosin

56
Q

The hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the creation of red blood cells.

A

erythropoeiten

57
Q

In the heart, the atria produces _____. This hormone increases the loss of salt by the kidneys to _______ blood pressure.

A

ANP, lower

58
Q

Hormone-like substances derived from fatty acids are called _________.

A

Prostaglandins

59
Q

Prostaglandins cause _______ processes, _______, and _______.

A

inflammatory, constriction, dilation

60
Q

________ can block the effects of prostaglandins.

A

Aspirin

61
Q

Prostaglandins can affect pregnancy through ______ and _____.

A

labor, abortion.

62
Q

List some of the types of hormone treatments (HT) available:

A

(1) growth hormone, (2) insulin, (3) adrenal steroids to decrease inflammation, (4) immunosuppresants, (5) asthma and allergy treatments, (6) oxytocin to promote labor

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