Ch. 17: The Digestive System Flashcards
List 2 alternate names for the Digestive system?
Alimentary system, GI
List some of the functions of the digestive system
(1) Digestion
(2) absorption
(3) elimination
List the parts of the digestive tract
(1) pharynx
(2) esophagus
(3) stomach
(4) small intestines
(5) large intestines
(6) mouth
List the accessory organs of the digestive tract
(1) salivary glands
(2) liver
(3) pancreas
(4) gallbladder
The wall of the digestive tract has 4 layers
(1) inner layer (mucosa)
(2) submucosa
(3) muscularis externum
(4) serosa
Which layer of the digestive tract secretes mucous, is made up of digestive tissues, and contains lymphoid tissue
mucosa (inner layer)
This layer of the digestive tract also produces mucous and has blood vessels and nerves.
submucosa
Where peristalsis helps move things through the GI tract.
muscularis externum
Forms serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and is the outer layer of the digestive tract.
serous
The _________ lines the abdominopelvic cavity and folds back over most of the organs within the cavity.
peritoneum
The peritoneum carries ______ ______, lymphatic _____, and nerves.
blood vessels
The ______ layer lines the peritoneum.
parietal
The ______ layer covers the organs.
viseral
The _______ is attached to the back of the abdominal wall and small intestines.
mesentary
Extends from the colon to the posterior of the abdominal wall.
mesocolon
Covers the front part of the intestines from the lower stomach to the transverse colon.
greater omentum
Extends between the stomach and the liver.
Lesser omentum
This is the part of the digestive tract where food enters the body.
Mouth (oral cavity)
_______ breaks down the food.
mastication
Lubricates the food and contains an enzyme, ______, the begins starch digestion.
saliva, salivary amylase
The process of moving proper amounts of food toward the throat to be swallowed (act of swallowing).
deglutition
A ______ is the small “wad” of food that is softened by chewing and saliva and sent down the throat.
bolus
Helps with chewing, swallowing, and speech.
Tongue
List the 5 types of taste buds.
sweet salty sour bitter umami (savory)
The 20 baby teeth are also known as _______.
deciduous
There are ___ adult teeth.
32
List the composition of teeth:
enamel, dentin, pulp
List the 3 parts of the pharynx
(1) naso
(2) oro
(3) laryngo
Where is the soft palate located?
back roof of the oral cavity
The ______ hangs down from the soft palate and aids in eating by preventing food/liquid from coming out through the nose.
uvula
The _______ is the muscular tube that carries food to the stomach.
esophagus
The esophagus is collapsible because it doesn’t have ______.
cartilage
The _______ goes through the diaphragm through the _____ ______.
epiglottis, esophageal hiatus
The hollow organ that expands depending on how much food is eaten.
stomach
The ______ _______ is the outer ridge of the stomach.
greater curvature
The ______ ______ is the inner ridge of the stomach.
lesser curvature
The _____ is the superior part of the stomach that is rounded.
fundus
The stomach connects to the small intestine at the ______.
pylorus
There are 2 sphincters….one at the point of the esophagus and the stomach and one at the point of the stomach where it enters the small intestine. What are their names?
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
List the 3 functions of the stomach.
(1) Storage pouch
(2) Digestive organ
(3) Churn
The secretion of _______ in the stomach performs what function?
mucous, protective
List the two types of gastric juices and how they work.
(1) Hydrochloric acid – aids in the breakdown of food
2) Pepsin – breaks down protein (product of pepsinogen and hydrocholoric acid
_______ is the food and digestive juices that are semi-liquid as it leaves the stomach.
chyme
The _____ ____ is the longest part of the digestive tract at ~ 20 feet long.
small intestine
List the 3 segments of the small intestine.
(1) duodenum
(2) jujuneum
(3) ilium
What is the upper segment of the small intestine called?
duodenum
What is the middle segment of the small intestine.
jujunum
What is the lower segment of the small intestine.
ilium
List 3 functions of the small intestine.
(1) Digestion
(2) absorption
(3) filtration
_______ are tiny projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area.
villi
Most of the products of digestion are absorbed through the ____.
villi
______ are specialized lymphatic where fats can be absorbed.
lactiles
The _____ _____ is larger in diameter but only about 5 feet long.
long intestine
Fluid is mainly absorbed in the ____ intestine.
large
the longer that waste is held in the large intestine the ____ it is.
harder
List the subdivisions of the large intestine.
(1) Ileocecal valve
(2) Cecum
(3) Appendix
(4) Ascending colon
(5) Transverse colon
(6) Descending colon
(7) Sigmoid colon
(8) rectum
(9) anus
The _____ _____ prevents backflow of material to the cecum.
ileocecal valve
The ____ is the first part of the large intestine.
cecum
The _____ is a “pigtail” on the end of the cecum.
appendix
List the functions of the large intestine.
(1) holds material that is already digested
(2) secretes mucous
(3) Reabsorbs water
(4) Where feces, stool
Of the accessory organs, the ______ _____ has glands located in 3 places. List the 3 places.
salivary glands
(1) carotid
(2) submandibular
(3) sublingual
The _____ is located in the superior right quadrant under the diaphragm.
liver
List the functions of the liver
(1) Manufacture of bile
(2) Breaks down fat
(3) stores glucose (in the form of glycogen)
(4) Forms proteins
(5) Destroys old red blood cells and recycles/eliminates their breakdown products
(6) Synthesis of urea
(7) Detoxification
(8) Modification/storage of fats, vitamins, and iron
In the liver, glucose is stored as______.
glycogen
List 3 proteins formed by the liver.
(1) albumin
(2) globulins
(3) clotting factors
What are the products of breakdown of old red blood cells called?
bilirubin
The liver synthesizes urea but then it is transported to the _______ for elimination.
kidneys
_____ is the main digestive function of the liver.
Bile – fat emulsification
The ______ is a muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver.
gallbladder
The gallbladder stores ____.
bile
The gallbladder uses _____ to digest fats.
salts
The ______ is a long gland that extends from the duodenum to the spleen.
pancreas
The ____ produces enzymes that digest ____, _______, ______, and _______.
pancreas proteins fats carbohydrates nucleic acids
What are the two hormones produced by the pancreas.
insulin
glucagon
The pancreas produces ____ to neutralize acid.
bicarb
List the path of digestion
Mouth –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> elimination
In the stomach, _____ and ____ start to breakdown protein, which forms a _____ that heads to the small intestines through the ________.
pepsin (from pepsinogen) and hydrochloric acid
chyme
pyloric sphincter
In the small intestine, the chyme is mixed with ____.
bile
List 4 pacreatic enzymes and what they act upon.
(1) lypase – fats
(2) amylase – starch
(3) trypsin – protein
(4) nucelases – nucleic acids
Small intestine enzymes break down _____.
sugar
______ is digested nutrients absorbed into the blood through the villi in the small intestine.
absorption
Absorption of _____ is performed by the _____ of the villi where they then go into the _______.
fats, lacteals, lymph system
The absorption of vitamins and minerals is primarily accomplished in the _____________.
large intestine
The _______ controls hunger and appetite.
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls hunger and appetite through levels of nutrients in the _____.
blood
