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A&P > Ch. 19: The Urinary System and Body Fluids > Flashcards

Ch. 19: The Urinary System and Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Which kidney is lower and why?

A

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to accommodate the liver.

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2
Q

The ______ ______ sits on top of each kidney.

A

Adrenal glands

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3
Q

List the functions of the kidney.

A

(1) Waste excretion
(2) Water balance
(3) Acid-base balance
(4) Blood pressure regulation
(5) Erythropoetin secretion

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4
Q

Name the part of the excretory system that is made up of tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

A

Ureters

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5
Q

This is the reservoir that receives and stores urine.

A

Urinary bladder

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6
Q

The _____ is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for elimination.

A

urethra

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7
Q

List the systems involved in excretion (4).

A

(1) Urinary system
(2) Digestive system
(3) Respiratory system
(4) Skin

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8
Q

The ___ system eliminates H2O, salts, and bile, in addition to digestive residue.

A

Digestive

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9
Q

The ____ system eliminates CO2 and H2O.

A

Respiratory

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10
Q

The ______ system eliminates H2O, salts, and very small quantities of nitrogenous waste through perspiration.

A

Skin

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11
Q

______ is the removal and elimination of unwanted substances in the blood.

A

Excretion

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12
Q

The ______ are the prime regulators of homeostasis.

A

kidneys

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13
Q

_______ _______ eliminates cellular waste, excess salts, and toxins in addition to urea and other nitrogenous wastes.

A

waste excretion

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14
Q

______ _____ alters urine output so that the volume of H2O in the body remains stable.

A

Water balance

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15
Q

______________ maintains pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

A

Acid-base balance

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16
Q

_______________ involves the production of renin to activate ______ to cause blood vessels to ______. This _____ blood pressure.

A

Blood pressure regulation
angiotensin
constrict
raises

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17
Q

________________ is the regulation of red blood cell production.

A

Erythropoetin secretion

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18
Q

When the kidneys do not get enough _____, they produce erythropoetin to stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow.

A

oxygen

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19
Q

The kidneys are located in the _____ abdominal region at around the last ___ and first 3 _____ vertebrae.

A

upper
thoracic
lumbar

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20
Q

The kidneys are located ______ to the peritoneum. This is called _______.

A

posterior

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

The ______________, made out of fibrous connective tissue, encapsulates the kidneys.

A

renal capsule

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22
Q

The renal capsule is made up of _____________.

A

fibrous connective tissue

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23
Q

Also surrounding the kidney is an _________ capsule.

A

adipose

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24
Q

_______ connects the kidneys to the peritoneum and abdominal wall.

A

Fascia

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25
Q

The renal artery is a short branch of the ___________.

A

abdominal aorta

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26
Q

The __________ brings blood into the kidney.

A

renal artery

27
Q

The _________ brings blood out of the kidney and into the ________________.

A

renal vein

inferior vena cava

28
Q

Blood leaving the kidney via the renal vein and the inferior vena cava is returned to the _______ side of the heart.

A

right

29
Q

_________ are the functional units of the kidney.

A

nephrons

30
Q

The ________ is the notch on the medial border of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connects.

A

hilum

31
Q

What 3 items enter the kidney through the hilum?

A

(1) renal artery
(2) renal vein
(3) ureter

32
Q

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

A

cortex

33
Q

What is the inner portion of the kidney called?

A

medulla

34
Q

The tubes that form a number of cone-shaped structures and the tips point toward the renal pelvis.

A

renal pyramids

35
Q

A funnel-shaped basin that forms the upper end of the ureter.

A

renal pelvis

36
Q

Cup-like extensions of the renal pelvis that surround the tips of the renal pyramids and collect urine that then passes down the ureters to the bladder.

A

Calyces (calyx)

37
Q

About how many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

1 million

38
Q

Hollow cup-shaped bulb; contains a cluster of capillaries that acts as a filtering device.

A

Glomerular capsule (AKA Bowman’s capsule)

39
Q

A tiny, coiled tube consisting of the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule.

A

Renal tubule

40
Q

The renal tubule contains (3):

A

proximal tubule
nephron loop
distal tubule

41
Q

The coiled portion leading from the glomerular capsule; twisted in appearance.

A

proximal tubule

42
Q

Where the proximal tubule uncoils; AKA as the ______________.

A

Nephron loop; AKA Loop of Henle

43
Q

The ______ limb of the nephron loop carries fluids toward the medulla.

A

distending

44
Q

The ______ limb carries fluids away from the medulla.

A

ascending

45
Q

Each of the proximal tubules, nephron loops, and distal tubules empty into a collecting duct, which then continues through the _____ toward the ________.

A

medulla

renal pelvis

46
Q

A small vessel that supplies the glomerulus with blood.

A

afferent arteriole

47
Q

The afferent arteriole is bigger/smaller than the efferent?

A

bigger

48
Q

Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole easier/harder than it leaves?

A

easier

49
Q

Carries blood away from the glomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

50
Q

Where blood leaving the glomerulus enters a capillary network before heading back to the heart.

A

Peritubular capillaries

51
Q

Movement of materials under pressure from the blood into the capsules:

A

Glomerular filtration

52
Q

The process of filtration that occurs in the glomerular capsule by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

A

tubular reabsorption

53
Q

What is tubular reabsorption influenced by (2)?

A

aldosterone

atrial natriueretic peptide

54
Q

Before urine leaves the body some substances (i.e., potassium) are actively moved through this process.

A

tubular secretion

55
Q

Tubular secretion secretes ___________ as part of acid-base balance.

A

Hydrogen

56
Q

Tubular secretion is part of the process of ___________ (one of the 5 processes of the kidneys).

A

acid-base balance

57
Q

This mechanism involves fluid traveling in opposite directions within the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop.

A

Countercurrent mechanism

58
Q

The countercurrent mechanism is regulated by:

A

antidiuretic hormone

59
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the

A

pituitary (just below the hypothalmus)

60
Q

A specialized portion of the nephron that helps in maintaining blood pressure.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

A specialized enzyme that initiates the process of activating angiotensin.

A

renin

62
Q

Angiotensin helps regulate:

A

blood pressure

63
Q

Material that enters the glomerular capsule:

A

glomerular filtrate

64
Q

Glomerular filtrate begins in the

A

renal tubule

A&P (15 decks)

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