Ch. 19: The Urinary System and Body Fluids Flashcards
Which kidney is lower and why?
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to accommodate the liver.
The ______ ______ sits on top of each kidney.
Adrenal glands
List the functions of the kidney.
(1) Waste excretion
(2) Water balance
(3) Acid-base balance
(4) Blood pressure regulation
(5) Erythropoetin secretion
Name the part of the excretory system that is made up of tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Ureters
This is the reservoir that receives and stores urine.
Urinary bladder
The _____ is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for elimination.
urethra
List the systems involved in excretion (4).
(1) Urinary system
(2) Digestive system
(3) Respiratory system
(4) Skin
The ___ system eliminates H2O, salts, and bile, in addition to digestive residue.
Digestive
The ____ system eliminates CO2 and H2O.
Respiratory
The ______ system eliminates H2O, salts, and very small quantities of nitrogenous waste through perspiration.
Skin
______ is the removal and elimination of unwanted substances in the blood.
Excretion
The ______ are the prime regulators of homeostasis.
kidneys
_______ _______ eliminates cellular waste, excess salts, and toxins in addition to urea and other nitrogenous wastes.
waste excretion
______ _____ alters urine output so that the volume of H2O in the body remains stable.
Water balance
______________ maintains pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
Acid-base balance
_______________ involves the production of renin to activate ______ to cause blood vessels to ______. This _____ blood pressure.
Blood pressure regulation
angiotensin
constrict
raises
________________ is the regulation of red blood cell production.
Erythropoetin secretion
When the kidneys do not get enough _____, they produce erythropoetin to stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow.
oxygen
The kidneys are located in the _____ abdominal region at around the last ___ and first 3 _____ vertebrae.
upper
thoracic
lumbar
The kidneys are located ______ to the peritoneum. This is called _______.
posterior
retroperitoneal
The ______________, made out of fibrous connective tissue, encapsulates the kidneys.
renal capsule
The renal capsule is made up of _____________.
fibrous connective tissue
Also surrounding the kidney is an _________ capsule.
adipose
_______ connects the kidneys to the peritoneum and abdominal wall.
Fascia
The renal artery is a short branch of the ___________.
abdominal aorta
The __________ brings blood into the kidney.
renal artery
The _________ brings blood out of the kidney and into the ________________.
renal vein
inferior vena cava
Blood leaving the kidney via the renal vein and the inferior vena cava is returned to the _______ side of the heart.
right
_________ are the functional units of the kidney.
nephrons
The ________ is the notch on the medial border of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connects.
hilum
What 3 items enter the kidney through the hilum?
(1) renal artery
(2) renal vein
(3) ureter
What is the outer portion of the kidney called?
cortex
What is the inner portion of the kidney called?
medulla
The tubes that form a number of cone-shaped structures and the tips point toward the renal pelvis.
renal pyramids
A funnel-shaped basin that forms the upper end of the ureter.
renal pelvis
Cup-like extensions of the renal pelvis that surround the tips of the renal pyramids and collect urine that then passes down the ureters to the bladder.
Calyces (calyx)
About how many nephrons are in each kidney?
1 million
Hollow cup-shaped bulb; contains a cluster of capillaries that acts as a filtering device.
Glomerular capsule (AKA Bowman’s capsule)
A tiny, coiled tube consisting of the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule.
Renal tubule
The renal tubule contains (3):
proximal tubule
nephron loop
distal tubule
The coiled portion leading from the glomerular capsule; twisted in appearance.
proximal tubule
Where the proximal tubule uncoils; AKA as the ______________.
Nephron loop; AKA Loop of Henle
The ______ limb of the nephron loop carries fluids toward the medulla.
distending
The ______ limb carries fluids away from the medulla.
ascending
Each of the proximal tubules, nephron loops, and distal tubules empty into a collecting duct, which then continues through the _____ toward the ________.
medulla
renal pelvis
A small vessel that supplies the glomerulus with blood.
afferent arteriole
The afferent arteriole is bigger/smaller than the efferent?
bigger
Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole easier/harder than it leaves?
easier
Carries blood away from the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
Where blood leaving the glomerulus enters a capillary network before heading back to the heart.
Peritubular capillaries
Movement of materials under pressure from the blood into the capsules:
Glomerular filtration
The process of filtration that occurs in the glomerular capsule by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
tubular reabsorption
What is tubular reabsorption influenced by (2)?
aldosterone
atrial natriueretic peptide
Before urine leaves the body some substances (i.e., potassium) are actively moved through this process.
tubular secretion
Tubular secretion secretes ___________ as part of acid-base balance.
Hydrogen
Tubular secretion is part of the process of ___________ (one of the 5 processes of the kidneys).
acid-base balance
This mechanism involves fluid traveling in opposite directions within the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop.
Countercurrent mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism is regulated by:
antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the
pituitary (just below the hypothalmus)
A specialized portion of the nephron that helps in maintaining blood pressure.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
A specialized enzyme that initiates the process of activating angiotensin.
renin
Angiotensin helps regulate:
blood pressure
Material that enters the glomerular capsule:
glomerular filtrate
Glomerular filtrate begins in the
renal tubule
