Ch. 16: The Respiratory System

Question 1

List the 4 phases of respiration:

Answer 1

(1) Pulmonary ventilation
(2) External gas exchange
(3) Gas transport in the blood
(4) Internal gas exchange

Question 2

During which phase of respiration does the exchange of air through inhalation/exhalation take place?

Answer 2

pulmonary ventilation

Question 3

During which phase of respiration does blood low in O2 come into the lungs where it is replaced with blood high in O2 that is then pumped out to the body?

Answer 3

External gas exchange

Question 4

During which phase of respiration does O2 diffuse from blood to cells and CO2 diffuses from cells to blood?

Answer 4

Internal gas exchange

Question 5

During which phase of respiration does the circulating blood carry gases between the lugs and the tissues, supplying O2 to the cells and bring back CO2?

Answer 5

Gas transport

Question 6

What muscle is the major muscle used in respiration?

Answer 6

diaphragm

Question 7

What divided the left and right nostrils?

Answer 7

septum

Question 8

What is another term for “nostrils”?

Answer 8

nares

Question 9

Air that is drawn through the nostrils is _______ and ______.

Answer 9

warmed, moistened

Question 10

_________ and _______ are caught by mucous as air goes through the nostrils and into the nasal cavity.

Answer 10

Dust, mucous

Question 11

Located in the upper nasal cavity, _________ _________ are used for the sense of smell.

Answer 11

olfactory receptors

Question 12

The ______ is the passageway between the mouth and esophagus and is also known as the throat.

Answer 12

pharynx

Question 13

The part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavitiy that elevates during swallowing.

Answer 13

nasopharynx

Question 14

The part of the pharynx that is the middle and is behind the mouth. On the side of this part the palatine tonsils are located.

Answer 14

oropharynx

Question 15

The part of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and esophagus and is the furthest part.

Answer 15

laryngopharynx

Question 16

Where the “voice box” is located.

Answer 16

laryngopharynx

Question 17

The part of the soft palate that hangs down into the throat.

Answer 17

uvula

Question 18

The ______ covers the larynx when we swallow.

Answer 18

epiglottis

Question 19

The part of the throat that prevents food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract.

Answer 19

epiglottis

Question 20

This part of the respiratory tract is also known as the windpipe, is 4-5” long, and allows air into the lungs.

Answer 20

trachea

Question 21

The trachea is protected by ________ ______ shaped like the letter “c”.

Answer 21

cartilage rings

Question 22

The ______ bronchii is the longer of the two.

Answer 22

right

Question 23

At the inferior end of the bronchii, the ______ bronchii branch into ___ parts.

Answer 23

primary or mainstem, 2

Question 24

____ are the smallest of the bronchii.

Answer 24

Bronchioles

Question 25

Made of smooth muscle and under control of the ANS.

Answer 25

bronchioles

Question 26

The _____ are tiny air sacs of the lungs.

Answer 26

alveoli

Question 27

The alveoli provide ___ to ____ sqft where gas exchange takes place.

Answer 27

700-800

Question 28

Alveoli are surrounded by the ________ _______ network.

Answer 28

pulmonary capillary

Question 29

The alveoli are line with a fluid called _______ _______ that helps gases to dissolve.

Answer 29

pulmonary surfactant

Question 30

Pulmonary surfactant also helps to keep the alveoli _____.

Answer 30

open

Question 31

The ____ is where the bronchii and vessels enter the lungs.

Answer 31

hilum

Question 32

The ______ is the sac that covers the lungs.

Answer 32

pleura

Question 33

The _______ is the muscle partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities that helps with respiration.

Answer 33

diaphragm

Question 34

List the parts of the upper respiratory tract (4)

Answer 34

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, upper trachea

Question 35

List the parts of the lower respiratory tract (4)

Answer 35

lower trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes, alveoli

Question 36

The upper respiratory tract is found ____ the chest cavity.

Answer 36

above

Question 37

The lower respiratory tract is found ____ the chest cavity.

Answer 37

in

Question 38

______ is the process of breathing in and out.

Answer 38

Ventilation

Question 39

What are the two phases of ventilation?

Answer 39

Inhalation | Exhalation

Question 40

Which is the passive phase of ventilation?

Answer 40

Exhalation

Question 41

Which is the active phase of ventilation?

Answer 41

Inhalation

Question 42

Exhalation is also known as _______.

Answer 42

expiration

Question 43

The primary muscle of breathing is the ______; however, when breathing is difficult, accessory muscles (such as the _______ or ______) may be used.

Answer 43

diaphragm abdominal neck

Question 44

During inhalation, the diaphragm presses the abdominal organs ____ and _____.

Answer 44

down, forward

Question 45

During exhalation, the diaphragm __ and ____ to the resting position.

Answer 45

rises, recoils

Question 46

______ is the ease with which a person can expand their lungs and thorax.

Answer 46

compliance

Question 47

______ cuts down on surface tension to allow the alveoli to expand and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Lack of it creates stiff lungs that can't expand.

Answer 47

surfactant

Question 48

List some of the causesof decreased compliance.

Answer 48

Decrease or lack of sufactant Damage or scar tissue Fluid buildup

Question 49

During exhalation, the respiratory muscles will _____ and blow air out.

Answer 49

relax

Question 50

_______ _______ is the amount of air breathed in and out during normal, relaxed breathing.

Answer 50

tidal volume

Question 51

______ ______ is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

Answer 51

Residual volume

Question 52

______ _____ is the amount of air that is expelled with a forceful exhalation.

Answer 52

vital capacity

Question 53

_______ ______ ______ is the total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

Answer 53

total lung capacity

Question 54

List three accessory muscles.

Answer 54

(1) sternoclidomastoid (2) Pectoralis (minor and major) (3) Abdominal

Question 55

List the accessory muscle that primarily helps with exhalation.

Answer 55

Abdominal

Question 56

List the accessory muscles that primarily help with inhalation.

Answer 56

``` sternoclidomastoid pectoralis (Major and minor) ```

Question 57

______ _____ is the movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillary vessels in the lungs.

Answer 57

gas exchange

Question 58

_______ is the movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer 58

diffusion

Question 59

List the order of gas exchange

Answer 59

air breathed in ---> alveoli ---> capillaries

Question 60

When the alveoli become high in O2 and low in CO2, ____ diffuses from the alveoli to the capillaries.

Answer 60

O2

Question 61

Prior to exhalation, the alveoli are filled with ___.

Answer 61

CO2

Question 62

O2 goes to the ______ atrium ---> ______ _____ ---> ____.

Answer 62

left, left ventricle, body

Question 63

Blood leaving the left ventricle is ____ in O2.

Answer 63

high

Question 64

______ ______ delivers O2 to the tissues (cells) and CO2 into the blood.

Answer 64

internal respiration

Question 65

List the steps in the internal respiration cycle

Answer 65

(1) High-level O2 in the blood diffuses into the tissues (2) CO2 in the tissues is raised, and then diffues into the blood (3) Blood is now low in O2 and high in CO2, starts the cycle all over.

Question 66

In O2 transport, oxygen binds to ______.

Answer 66

hemoglobin

Question 67

Anemia is the term for

Answer 67

low hemoglobin

Question 68

Symptoms of low hemoglobin (anemia) include

Answer 68

tiredness, tachycardia

Question 69

_____ is a by-product of cellular respiration.

Answer 69

CO2

Question 70

Too much CO2 causes a condition called

Answer 70

acidosis

Question 71

____ is a respiration regulator and affects blood pH.

Answer 71

CO2

Question 72

Low levels of CO2 cause the body to be

Answer 72

more alkaline/base

Question 73

The pH range of the human body should be between ____ and ____.

Answer 73

7.35-7.45

Question 74

________ __ ______ is a complex process that must keep pace with moment-to-moment changes.

Answer 74

Regulation of Respiration

Question 75

List the 3 regulators of respiration.

Answer 75

(1) CNS (2) Chemoreceptors Other

Question 76

List the 3 aspects of the CNS that affect respiration.

Answer 76

medulla pons phrenic nerve

Question 77

Describe how chemicals control respiration.

Answer 77

chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2 tell the CNS what needs to be done.

Question 78

______ is a condition where there are high levels of CO2.

Answer 78

hypercapnia

Question 79

_______ only becomes a controlling factor when its levels fall.

Answer 79

Oxygen

Question 80

List three other ways the body controlls respiration.

Answer 80

pain receptors emotions stress

Question 81

List 2 types of abnormal ventilation.

Answer 81

hyperventilation | hypoventilation

Question 82

______ increases O2 levels and decreases CO2 levels and can lead to ______.

Answer 82

hyperventilation | hypercapnia

Question 83

_________ is a condition where CO2 levels are too high and can lead to ______.

Answer 83

Hypoventilation, acidosis

Question 84

Normal breathing rates range from ____ to ____ in adults and ____ to ____ in children.

Answer 84

12-20 | 20-40

Question 85

List 6 types of abnormal breathing patterns.

Answer 85

(1) hyperpnea (2) Hypopnea (3) tachypnea (4) apnea (5) dyspnea (6) orthopnea

Question 86

_____ refers to an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing

Answer 86

hyperpnea

Question 87

______ is a decrease int he rate and depth of breathing.

Answer 87

hypopnea

Question 88

______ is an excessive rate of breathing that may be normal (as in exercise).

Answer 88

tachypnea

Question 89

____ is a temporary cessation of breathing....short periods of which may be normal.

Answer 89

apnea

Question 90

_____ is a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing.

Answer 90

dyspnea

Question 91

_____ is a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position.

Answer 91

Orthopnea

Question 92

List 3 results of inadequate breathing.

Answer 92

(1) cyanosis (2) hypoxia (3) hypoxemia

Question 93

______ is a result of inadequate breathing that results in a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes and is caused by an insufficient amount of O2 in the blood.

Answer 93

cyanosis

Question 94

_______ is a lower than normal O2 level in the blood.

Answer 94

hypoxia

Question 95

______ is a total lack of O2 in the blood.

Answer 95

anoxia

Question 96

_____ refers to a lower than normal level of O2 partial pressure in arterial blood.

Answer 96

hypoxemia

Question 97

List two effects of aging on the respiratory system.

Answer 97

(1) Increased risk of lung disease or infection | (2) Decrease breathing rate

Question 98

The ______ pleura is the inner layer of the lining of the lungs.

Answer 98

visceral

Question 99

The _____ pleura is the outer layer of the lining of the lungs.

Answer 99

parietal

Question 100

The ______ _____ is between the visceral and parietal linings and is filled with fluid to keep friction down and to keep membranes apart.

Answer 100

pleural space

Question 101

The right lung has ___ lobes; the left lung has ___.

Answer 101

3, 2

Question 102

The left lung only has 2 lobes because it also contains the area where the _____ is located.

Answer 102

heart