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A&P > Ch. 16: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 16: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 phases of respiration:

A

(1) Pulmonary ventilation
(2) External gas exchange
(3) Gas transport in the blood
(4) Internal gas exchange

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2
Q

During which phase of respiration does the exchange of air through inhalation/exhalation take place?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

During which phase of respiration does blood low in O2 come into the lungs where it is replaced with blood high in O2 that is then pumped out to the body?

A

External gas exchange

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4
Q

During which phase of respiration does O2 diffuse from blood to cells and CO2 diffuses from cells to blood?

A

Internal gas exchange

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5
Q

During which phase of respiration does the circulating blood carry gases between the lugs and the tissues, supplying O2 to the cells and bring back CO2?

A

Gas transport

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6
Q

What muscle is the major muscle used in respiration?

A

diaphragm

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7
Q

What divided the left and right nostrils?

A

septum

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8
Q

What is another term for “nostrils”?

A

nares

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9
Q

Air that is drawn through the nostrils is _______ and ______.

A

warmed, moistened

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10
Q

_________ and _______ are caught by mucous as air goes through the nostrils and into the nasal cavity.

A

Dust, mucous

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11
Q

Located in the upper nasal cavity, _________ _________ are used for the sense of smell.

A

olfactory receptors

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12
Q

The ______ is the passageway between the mouth and esophagus and is also known as the throat.

A

pharynx

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13
Q

The part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavitiy that elevates during swallowing.

A

nasopharynx

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14
Q

The part of the pharynx that is the middle and is behind the mouth. On the side of this part the palatine tonsils are located.

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

The part of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and esophagus and is the furthest part.

A

laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Where the “voice box” is located.

A

laryngopharynx

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17
Q

The part of the soft palate that hangs down into the throat.

A

uvula

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18
Q

The ______ covers the larynx when we swallow.

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

The part of the throat that prevents food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract.

A

epiglottis

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20
Q

This part of the respiratory tract is also known as the windpipe, is 4-5” long, and allows air into the lungs.

A

trachea

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21
Q

The trachea is protected by ________ ______ shaped like the letter “c”.

A

cartilage rings

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22
Q

The ______ bronchii is the longer of the two.

A

right

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23
Q

At the inferior end of the bronchii, the ______ bronchii branch into ___ parts.

A

primary or mainstem, 2

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24
Q

____ are the smallest of the bronchii.

A

Bronchioles

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25
Q

Made of smooth muscle and under control of the ANS.

A

bronchioles

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26
Q

The _____ are tiny air sacs of the lungs.

A

alveoli

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27
Q

The alveoli provide ___ to ____ sqft where gas exchange takes place.

A

700-800

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28
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by the ________ _______ network.

A

pulmonary capillary

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29
Q

The alveoli are line with a fluid called _______ _______ that helps gases to dissolve.

A

pulmonary surfactant

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30
Q

Pulmonary surfactant also helps to keep the alveoli _____.

A

open

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31
Q

The ____ is where the bronchii and vessels enter the lungs.

A

hilum

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32
Q

The ______ is the sac that covers the lungs.

A

pleura

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33
Q

The _______ is the muscle partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities that helps with respiration.

A

diaphragm

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34
Q

List the parts of the upper respiratory tract (4)

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, upper trachea

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35
Q

List the parts of the lower respiratory tract (4)

A

lower trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes, alveoli

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36
Q

The upper respiratory tract is found ____ the chest cavity.

A

above

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37
Q

The lower respiratory tract is found ____ the chest cavity.

A

in

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38
Q

______ is the process of breathing in and out.

A

Ventilation

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39
Q

What are the two phases of ventilation?

A

Inhalation

Exhalation

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40
Q

Which is the passive phase of ventilation?

A

Exhalation

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41
Q

Which is the active phase of ventilation?

A

Inhalation

42
Q

Exhalation is also known as _______.

A

expiration

43
Q

The primary muscle of breathing is the ______; however, when breathing is difficult, accessory muscles (such as the _______ or ______) may be used.

A

diaphragm
abdominal
neck

44
Q

During inhalation, the diaphragm presses the abdominal organs ____ and _____.

A

down, forward

45
Q

During exhalation, the diaphragm __ and ____ to the resting position.

A

rises, recoils

46
Q

______ is the ease with which a person can expand their lungs and thorax.

A

compliance

47
Q

______ cuts down on surface tension to allow the alveoli to expand and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Lack of it creates stiff lungs that can’t expand.

A

surfactant

48
Q

List some of the causesof decreased compliance.

A

Decrease or lack of sufactant
Damage or scar tissue
Fluid buildup

49
Q

During exhalation, the respiratory muscles will _____ and blow air out.

A

relax

50
Q

_______ _______ is the amount of air breathed in and out during normal, relaxed breathing.

A

tidal volume

51
Q

______ ______ is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

A

Residual volume

52
Q

______ _____ is the amount of air that is expelled with a forceful exhalation.

A

vital capacity

53
Q

_______ ______ ______ is the total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

A

total lung capacity

54
Q

List three accessory muscles.

A

(1) sternoclidomastoid
(2) Pectoralis (minor and major)
(3) Abdominal

55
Q

List the accessory muscle that primarily helps with exhalation.

A

Abdominal

56
Q

List the accessory muscles that primarily help with inhalation.

A 
sternoclidomastoid
pectoralis (Major and minor)
57
Q

______ _____ is the movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillary vessels in the lungs.

A

gas exchange

58
Q

_______ is the movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration.

A

diffusion

59
Q

List the order of gas exchange

A

air breathed in —> alveoli —> capillaries

60
Q

When the alveoli become high in O2 and low in CO2, ____ diffuses from the alveoli to the capillaries.

A

O2

61
Q

Prior to exhalation, the alveoli are filled with ___.

A

CO2

62
Q

O2 goes to the ______ atrium —> ______ _____ —> ____.

A

left, left ventricle, body

63
Q

Blood leaving the left ventricle is ____ in O2.

A

high

64
Q

______ ______ delivers O2 to the tissues (cells) and CO2 into the blood.

A

internal respiration

65
Q

List the steps in the internal respiration cycle

A

(1) High-level O2 in the blood diffuses into the tissues
(2) CO2 in the tissues is raised, and then diffues into the blood
(3) Blood is now low in O2 and high in CO2, starts the cycle all over.

66
Q

In O2 transport, oxygen binds to ______.

A

hemoglobin

67
Q

Anemia is the term for

A

low hemoglobin

68
Q

Symptoms of low hemoglobin (anemia) include

A

tiredness, tachycardia

69
Q

_____ is a by-product of cellular respiration.

A

CO2

70
Q

Too much CO2 causes a condition called

A

acidosis

71
Q

____ is a respiration regulator and affects blood pH.

A

CO2

72
Q

Low levels of CO2 cause the body to be

A

more alkaline/base

73
Q

The pH range of the human body should be between ____ and ____.

A

7.35-7.45

74
Q

________ __ ______ is a complex process that must keep pace with moment-to-moment changes.

A

Regulation of Respiration

75
Q

List the 3 regulators of respiration.

A

(1) CNS
(2) Chemoreceptors
Other

76
Q

List the 3 aspects of the CNS that affect respiration.

A

medulla
pons
phrenic nerve

77
Q

Describe how chemicals control respiration.

A

chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2 tell the CNS what needs to be done.

78
Q

______ is a condition where there are high levels of CO2.

A

hypercapnia

79
Q

_______ only becomes a controlling factor when its levels fall.

A

Oxygen

80
Q

List three other ways the body controlls respiration.

A

pain receptors
emotions
stress

81
Q

List 2 types of abnormal ventilation.

A

hyperventilation

hypoventilation

82
Q

______ increases O2 levels and decreases CO2 levels and can lead to ______.

A

hyperventilation

hypercapnia

83
Q

_________ is a condition where CO2 levels are too high and can lead to ______.

A

Hypoventilation, acidosis

84
Q

Normal breathing rates range from ____ to ____ in adults and ____ to ____ in children.

A

12-20

20-40

85
Q

List 6 types of abnormal breathing patterns.

A

(1) hyperpnea
(2) Hypopnea
(3) tachypnea
(4) apnea
(5) dyspnea
(6) orthopnea

86
Q

_____ refers to an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing

A

hyperpnea

87
Q

______ is a decrease int he rate and depth of breathing.

A

hypopnea

88
Q

______ is an excessive rate of breathing that may be normal (as in exercise).

A

tachypnea

89
Q

____ is a temporary cessation of breathing….short periods of which may be normal.

A

apnea

90
Q

_____ is a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing.

A

dyspnea

91
Q

_____ is a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position.

A

Orthopnea

92
Q

List 3 results of inadequate breathing.

A

(1) cyanosis
(2) hypoxia
(3) hypoxemia

93
Q

______ is a result of inadequate breathing that results in a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes and is caused by an insufficient amount of O2 in the blood.

A

cyanosis

94
Q

_______ is a lower than normal O2 level in the blood.

A

hypoxia

95
Q

______ is a total lack of O2 in the blood.

A

anoxia

96
Q

_____ refers to a lower than normal level of O2 partial pressure in arterial blood.

A

hypoxemia

97
Q

List two effects of aging on the respiratory system.

A

(1) Increased risk of lung disease or infection

(2) Decrease breathing rate

98
Q

The ______ pleura is the inner layer of the lining of the lungs.

A

visceral

99
Q

The _____ pleura is the outer layer of the lining of the lungs.

A

parietal

100
Q

The ______ _____ is between the visceral and parietal linings and is filled with fluid to keep friction down and to keep membranes apart.

A

pleural space

101
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes; the left lung has ___.

A

3, 2

102
Q

The left lung only has 2 lobes because it also contains the area where the _____ is located.

A

heart

A&P (15 decks)

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