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Biology GCSE > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

A-Chain

A

part of the structure of haemoglobin

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2
Q

Agranulocyte

A

part of the blood, with an oval- or kidney-shaped nucleus with a uniform cytoplasm

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3
Q

Alpha Cells

A

cells responsible for synthesising and secreting glucagon

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4
Q

Anticoagulation

A

blood thinners

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5
Q

Anti-Diuretics Hormone

A

hormone that stops the production of urine

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6
Q

Aortic Arch

A

structure of the aorta, refers to how it arches around before going down to the body

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7
Q

Arterial Blood

A

oxygenated blood

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

small arteries

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9
Q

Arterioventricular Valves

A

valve between the atrium and the ventricles

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10
Q

Artificial Heart

A

occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a transplant, or for the heart to rest as an aid to recover

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11
Q

Artificial Pacemaker

A

implanted under the skin, in the chest where a wire connects it through a vein to the right atrium, this sends impulses to the heart muscle, making it contract in the correct rhythm

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12
Q

Artificial Valve

A

used to replace heart valves that stiffen with age or are damaged due to viral infection can be taken from pigs or cows or made from metals such as titanium, the only type of transplant that does not require immunosuppressants afterwards as there are no capillaries and therefore no white blood cells to reject them

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13
Q

Mechanical Valve

A

man-made valves, last forever, but people need to take anticoagulation drugs for the rest of their life to prevent clots forming on the valve

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14
Q

Tissue Valve

A

taken from pigs and cows, no need for any drugs taken afterwards, but only last for 12-15 years

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15
Q

Atria

A

upper chambers of the heart

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16
Q

Backflow

A

when blood starts flowing the wrong way

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17
Q

Basophil

A

makes 0.5% of the blood, has cytoplasmic blue granules

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18
Q

B-Chain

A

part of the structure of haemoglobin

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19
Q

Beta Cells

A

cells responsible for synthesising and secreting insulin

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20
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

heart disease causing the heart valve to have only two flaps of tissue instead of three

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21
Q

Black Blood

A

deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

Bladder

A

stores urine

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23
Q

Blood Clots

A

a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a network of protein fibres, red blood cells and platelets that stop you bleeding to death a wound site

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24
Q

Blood Vessels

A

thought to transport proteins and carbohydrates

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25
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

filters blood before it gets into the nephrons

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26
Q

Bypass Surgery

A

surgery to replace narrow or blocked arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body, used for badly blocked arteries where stents will not help

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27
Q

Calyces

A

cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects in the kidneys before going to the urethra to the bladder

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28
Q

Capillary Bed

A

network of capillaries

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29
Q

Cold-Blooded

A

animals whose body temperature varies depending on the environment

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30
Q

Cortical

A

outer portion of the kidneys where urine is made

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31
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

a group of disorders that affect the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels

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32
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

usually developed suddenly in childhood where the body is unable to produce its own insulin, thought to be caused by the immune system producing beta cells, can be controlled with insulin injections and management of diet and exercise, can cause damage to kidneys

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33
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin-Independent Diabetes

occurs mainly in people over 40, however it is becoming increasingly common in adolescents, is a condition caused by glycoprotein receptors on the body losing their responsiveness to insulin or an inadequate supply of insulin from the pancreas, can be controlled by careful regulating of diet and exercise

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34
Q

Diuretics

A

make you produce more urine

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35
Q

Double Closed Circulatory System

A

the type of circulatory system found in mammals with two systems, one for the lungs and a larger one for the rest of the body

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36
Q

Endocarditis

A

virus causing inflammation of the lining of the heart, often causing damage to heart valves

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37
Q

Endothelium

A

single layer of cells lining the blood vessels

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38
Q

Eosinophil

A

makes up 1.5% of the blood, has large red cytoplasmic granules

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39
Q

Fibrin

A

protein used in blood clotting

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40
Q

Fibrinogen

A

soluble protein in blood plasma, produces fibrin

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41
Q

Genetically-Engineered Insulin

A

insulin that is genetically engineered by bacteria, instead of taking it from criminals and purifying it, as this was risky because people would have allergic reactions to it

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42
Q

Granulocyte

A

part of blood, has a lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm

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43
Q

Haemoglobin

A

a red pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen

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44
Q

Haem Group

A

this contains iron that creates oxyhaemoglobin

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45
Q

Haemoglobin

A

a red pigment found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen

46
Q

Haemolyph

A

liquid between haemoglobin and lymph, found in creatures like earthworms who have open circulatory systems

47
Q

Haemophilia

A

inherited disease where people’s platelets don’t work properly, meaning they can easily bleed to death

48
Q

Hair Erector

A

strand of muscle that controls a hair on the skin, contracting in cold weather to create a goosebump and make the hair stand up, and relaxing in cold weather

49
Q

HLHS

A

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

50
Q

Immunothrombocytopenia

A

condition where the body’s immune system attacks platelets

51
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

brings blood back to the heart from the rest of the body

52
Q

Irregular Heartbeat

A

where the body’s natural pacemaker is faulty

53
Q

Kidney

A

the body’s blood filters, regulates blood water levels, absorbs useful substances such as sugar into the blood, selectively absorbs salt, water and ion levels into the blood, excretes urea and other metabolic wastes

54
Q

Kidney Disease

A

where Bowman’s capsule lets proteins through the nephrons

55
Q

Kidney Stones

A

when hard little rocks made of calcified salt and ions form in the kidneys which then need to be excreted from the body in urine

56
Q

Lobed Nucleus

A

allows white blood cells to engulf pathogens

57
Q

Major Calyx

A

cup-shaped parts of the kidneys renal pelvis that surround the renal papillae

58
Q

Minor Calyx

A

branches of the renal pelvis in the kidney

59
Q

Monocyte

A

makes up approximately 4% of the blood, has kidney-shaped nucleus and a plentiful cytoplasm

60
Q

Nephrons

A

tiny tubules that make up the kidneys

61
Q

Natural Pacemaker

A

located in the right atria, sends electrical signals to the heart to control the heartbeat

62
Q

Neutrophil

A

makes up 70% of the blood, has small pink cytoplasmic granules

63
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

the circulatory system found in creatures such as earthworms, essentially a sack of haemolymph and often multiple hearts

64
Q

Osmoregulation

A

cycle that regulates water levels in the blood, using negative feedback

65
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

substance found when oxygen and haemoglobin react

66
Q

Pancreas Transplant

A

the only cure for type 1 diabetes, thought it is rarely done as it is extremely risky and expensive so scientists are instead looking at genetically modifying a person’s own pancreas cells to produce insulin

67
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

condition where blood flows straight between the pulmonary artery and the aorta

68
Q

Plasma

A

a yellow liquid that transports blood cells and some other substances around the body, such as waste carbon dioxide and urea

69
Q

Platelets

A

small fragments of cells with no nucleus that help with blood clotting

70
Q

Postcava

A

another word for inferior vena cava, with carries blood to other parts of the body

71
Q

Precava

A

another word for superior vena cava, which carries blood to the brain

72
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs

73
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis

A

narrowing of the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

74
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the left atrium at the front

75
Q

Reabsorption

A

where all of a substance, such as sugar, is absorbed by the kidneys

76
Q

Renal Artery

A

artery that brings blood to the kidneys

77
Q

Renal Columns

A

anchors the renal cortex to the kidneys

78
Q

Renal Cortex

A

the outermost part of the kidney

79
Q

Renal Failure

A

also known as kidney failure, when the kidneys is no longer able to filter blood effectively possibly due to plasma not being properly absorbed or proteins and cells passing through Bowman’s Capsule, without dialysis or transplant, this causes death in 3-4 days

80
Q

Renal Medulla

A

the innermost part of the kidney

81
Q

Renal Papillae

A

small protubances on the kidney

82
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

flows from the kidneys to the urethra

83
Q

Renal Pyramids

A

group of tubules that transports urine around the kidneys

84
Q

Renal Vein

A

veins that brings blood away from the kidneys

85
Q

Segmental Artery

A

arteries the supply the small segments of the kidney

86
Q

Selective Reabsorption

A

where some of a substance, such as water, salt or ions is absorbed by the kidneys

87
Q

Septum

A

partition separating the chambers of the heart

88
Q

Sickle Cell Diseases

A

a group of inherited blood disorders that cause the blood cells to be the wrong shape, so therefore do not live as long as healthy blood cells, can block blood vessels and struggle to carry haemoglobin

89
Q

Single Closed Circulatory System

A

the type of circulatory system found in fish, with closed vessels

90
Q

Statins

A

drugs to reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries, mainly prescribed to people at risk of cardiovascular disease

91
Q

Stent

A

a metal mesh that is placed in the artery with a tiny balloon inside that is inflated to open up the blood vessel and the stent at the same time, then the balloon is deflated and removed, but the stent remains in place holding the blood vessel open, allowing blood to flow freely without use of a general anaesthetic, many stents also release anticoagulation drugs

92
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

brings blood back to the heart from the brain

93
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

receptors on the skin that detect changes in temperature

94
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

condition caused by low levels of platelets in the blood, treated with blood transfusions and occasionally splenectomy

95
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

heart valve with three flaps of tissue

96
Q

Tubules

A

tiny tubes in the body

97
Q

Tunica External

A

outer layer of the arteries, made from elastic fibres and collagen fibres

98
Q

Tunica Intima

A

lining of arteries, with only one layer of cells

99
Q

Tunica Media

A

thin middle layer of the arteries, made from muscle and elastic fibres

100
Q

Urea

A

a waste product of digesting proteins, created when excess amino acids are broken down by the liver, but is toxic, so must be excreted from the body, being filtered out of the body by kidneys and then stored in the body in the bladder as part of urine

101
Q

Ureta

A

carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

102
Q

Urethra

A

carries urine out of the body

103
Q

Urine

A

made up of urea, water, salts and other metabolic wastes

104
Q

Valve Tendon

A

tendon that moves the heart valves

105
Q

Varicose Veins

A

condition where veins become swollen and enlarged

106
Q

Vascular Resistance

A

the resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow

107
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

where capillaries constrict to allow less blood to flow closer to the skin on cold days

108
Q

Vasodilation

A

where capillaries get wider to allow more blood to flow closer to the skin on hot days

109
Q

Venioles

A

small veins

110
Q

Ventricles

A

lower chambers of the heart

111
Q

Warm-Blooded

A

animals who maintain a constant body temperature

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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