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Biology GCSE > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Acinonyx

A

cheetah genus

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2
Q

Adenine

A

one of the bases DNA is made of, bonds with T

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3
Q

Alanine

A

amino acid with the codon GCT

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4
Q

Albinism

A

where someone’s skin has no melanin

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5
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

studied beetles in South African rainforests, worked with Charles Darwin on the theory of natural selection

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6
Q

Allele

A

different forms of the same gene

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7
Q

Amniocentesis

A

involves testing a sample of cells from the amniotic fluid or placenta to test for chromosome disorders such as trisomies but may increase risk of miscarriage

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8
Q

Amoeba

A

a single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm

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9
Q

Amphibia

A

amphibian class

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10
Q

Aneuploidy

A

an abnormal number of chromosomes

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11
Q

Animalia

A

animal kingdom

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12
Q

Annelids

A

phylum that involves segmented worms

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13
Q

Antelopus Varius

A

a critically endangered breed of harlequin toad once abundant in Costa Rica and Western Panama but now extinct in Costa Rica due to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis

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14
Q

Anura

A

frog order

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15
Q

Archaea

A

primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments

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16
Q

Arginine

A

amino acid with the codon CGT

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17
Q

Arthropod

A

the phylum that involves jointed legs and exoskeleton

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18
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

where cells of the offspring are produced during mitosis from the cells of the parent

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19
Q

Asparagine

A

amino acid with the codon AAT

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20
Q

Aspartic Acid

A

amino acid with the codon GAT

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21
Q

Australopithecus Afarenis

A

the last known common ancestor between humans and chimps

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22
Q

Autosomes

A

chromosomes 1-22, which are the same in males and females

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23
Q

Beta Carotene

A

a substances that makes carrots orange and makes vitamin A, which is needed for good vision

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24
Q

Behavioural Features

A

used in taxonomy to class species, relating to how something behaves

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25
Q

Binary Fission

A

asexual reproductions with no fertilisation, where one organism splits in tow, e.g. bacterial reproduction

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26
Q

Binominal System

A

another name for taxonomy, the process for classifying organisms

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27
Q

Blasocyst

A

a group of about one hundred cells

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28
Q

Bone Marrow

A

a good source of adult stem cells

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29
Q

Canidae

A

dog family, canine

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30
Q

Canis

A

dog genus, canine

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31
Q

Canis Familians

A

binominal name for a domesticated dog

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32
Q

Canis Lupus

A

binominal name for a grey wolf

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33
Q

Canis Lutranus

A

binominal name for a coyote

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34
Q

Carnivora

A

carnivores order

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35
Q

Celera

A

a private company that attempted to sequence the entire human genome in three years at a fraction of the cost of the Human Genome Project, by skipping the mapping stage that the Human Genome Project attempted and reconstructing the fragments of the genome that went through the Sanger Method using only the overlaps

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36
Q

Cell Cycle

A

the life cycle of a cell

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37
Q

Interphase

A

the first stage of the cell cycle, where a cell copies its information

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38
Q

Mitosis

A

the second stage of the cell cycle, where the nucleus duplicates

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39
Q

Chordata

A

vertebrates phylum

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40
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the third stage of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm and cell membrane duplicates

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41
Q

Channel Island Foxes

A

listed as critically endangered, lives on six of the Californian Channel Islands due to golden eagle predation and canine diseases such as Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

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42
Q

Charles Darwin

A

man who came up with the theory of natural selection, whereby species best adapted to the environment survive, reproduce and pass on their desirable traits to offspring

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43
Q

Clone

A

something genetically identical to the parent

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44
Q

Cloning

A

the aim of cloning is to take control of the reproductive cycle, meaning there is no need to wait for a partner, and certain characteristics can be selected

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45
Q

Coding DNA

A

a sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein

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46
Q

Codon

A

three bases that code for one specific amino acid, which then create chains of proteins

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47
Q

Complementary Bases

A

describes how the chemical DNA bases pair up with each other

A with T
C with G

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48
Q

Cyanea Superba

A

a tree listed as extinct in the wild due to an epidermic on O’ahu, one of the Hawaiian Islands, competition with alien plants, habitat degradation by feral pigs, slugs and wildfire, meaning there are now only five left

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49
Q

Cysteine

A

amino acid with the codon TGT

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50
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

a recessive genetic disorder where osmosis does not happen, causing mucous in the body to be thick and sticky causing issues with the lungs, intestines, pancreatic duct and fertility system

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51
Q

Cytosine

A

one of the four bases DNA is made up of, bonds with G

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52
Q

Daughter Cell

A

the cell that is created

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53
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

made up from nucleotides based on the sugar deoxyribose, bonded to a phosphate group and one of four bases

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54
Q

Dolly

A

a sheep who was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell

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55
Q

Dominant Allele

A

allele which controls the characteristic whenever it is present, shown with capital letters

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56
Q

Double Helix

A

the structure of DNA

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57
Q

Dupuytren’s Disease

A

a genetic disease that causes benign thickening of the connective tissue in someone’s hand

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58
Q

Embryo

A

a hollow ball of cells that later develops into a foetus

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59
Q

Embryonic Screenings

A

involves screening embryos made through IVF to check for genetic disorders

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60
Q

Endangered

A

where a species is at risk of no longer existing in its natural habitat due to the species being unable to reproduce as fast as they are dying out

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61
Q

Eocene

A

a geological era from 56 to 33.9 million years ago

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62
Q

Eugenics

A

the selective breeding of humans, such as when the Nazis sterilised 4000000 people and killed 70000

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63
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

another name for Pedigree’s

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64
Q

Extinct

A

where a species no longer exists in its natural habitat because it has died out

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65
Q

Climate Change

A

climate change is particularly dangerous in the polar regions where reduction in sea ice means that animals who are adapted to living on or under sea ice may become extinct

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66
Q

Habitat Destruction

A

deforestation and destruction of coral reefs comes under this, as humans are destroying natural habitats for the benefits of resources, agriculture and urbanisation, for example, as a side effect of trawler fishing

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67
Q

Hunting and Fishing

A

human population increases has led to a higher demand of food and increase in hunting and fishing rates, animals may also be hunted for fur or ivory

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68
Q

Inbreeding

A

the formation of offspring from the breeding of closely related individuals

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69
Q

Introduced Species

A

species that are introduced to a habitat either accidentally (by hitchhiking) or intentionally (as pets or crops) may cause problems such as competition, where the new species causes natives to have to compete for resources such as food and shelter, predation, where a new species predates upon the native species and native species do not have adaptations to avoid those predators, or disease, where the new species may bring a disease which they are immune to to the new habitat, but native species are vulnerable

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70
Q

New Diseases

A

new diseases can cause species to go extinct, especially in places such as islands where animals live close together

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71
Q

Felidae

A

feline family

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72
Q

Felis

A

cat genus native to most of Africa and South Europe

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73
Q

Felis Concolor

A

binominal name for a mountain lion

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74
Q

Fertilisation

A

the fusing of a sperm and an egg

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75
Q

Forces of Attraction

A

the hydrogen bond between AT and CG

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76
Q

Frances Crick

A

a member of partnership at Cambridge University who published the double helix model

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77
Q

Gamete

A

sex cell

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78
Q

Gametocyte

A

a cell that divides to form gametes

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79
Q

Gene

A

a section of DNA, which carries coding for a particular type of protein, different genes control the development of different characteristics of an organism

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80
Q

Gene Theory

A

the theory that genes code for protein

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81
Q

Genetic Code

A

the order of the DNA bases

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82
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

when the actual genome of an organism are changed by transferring a desired gene from one organism to another

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83
Q

Genetic Features

A

used in taxonomy to class species, related to something’s genetic code

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84
Q

Genotype

A

the set of alleles that an organism possesses

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85
Q

George Cuvier

A

the first person to propose the idea of extinction

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86
Q

Glutamine

A

amino acid with the codon CAA

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87
Q

Glutamic Acid

A

amino acid with the codon GAA

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88
Q

Glycine

A

amino acid with the codon GGT

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89
Q

GM Crop

A

a crop that has been genetically modified through genetic engineering

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90
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

a monk who discovered that various genetic traits could be passed down by individuals even if they did not display those traits themselves by studying pea plants

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91
Q

Guanine

A

one of the four bases DNA is made up of, bonds with C

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92
Q

Haploid

A

where cells only have the genetic information

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93
Q

Hierarchical Shotgun Sequencing

A

the method that the Human Genome Project used to sequence the genome, which minimised risk of misassembly

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94
Q

Helical Turn

A

3.4nm

95
Q

Hepatocyte

A

liver cell

96
Q

Heterozygous

A

when two alleles are different

97
Q

Histidine

A

amino acid with the codon CAT

98
Q

Hominidae

A

ape family

99
Q

Homo

A

human genus

100
Q

Homo Erectus

A

the first known species humans

101
Q

Homo Ergaster

A

an extinct species of humans

102
Q

Homo Habilis

A

an extinct species of humans

103
Q

Homologies

A

shared characteristics between species

104
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

modern-day species of humans, the only species of humans that isn’t extinct

105
Q

Homozygous

A

when two alleles are the same

106
Q

Human Genome Project

A

project to sequence the entire human genome involving twenty different research companies over 15 years costing £3 billion in public funds. This was done by separating the human genome into small chunks of DNA approximately 150000 base pairs long that overlapped slightly at the end, the fragments were then inserted into a bacterial artificial chromosome where they are cloned and fingerprinted showing where the fragments overlap without knowing the actual sequence, using the overlapping bits as a guide, the fragments can then be put in order. These fragments were then broken up into fragments approximately 1000 base pairs long, which are then put through the Sanger process

107
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

inherited disease that gradually causes neurones to break down and die

108
Q

Isoleucine

A

amino acid with the codon ATT

109
Q

James Watson

A

member of a partnership at Cambridge University who published the double helix structure

110
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamark

A

a French scientist who suggested that changes in organisms by their environment were passed onto the offspring

111
Q

Karyotype

A

image showing the 23 pairs of chromosomes

112
Q

Leucine

A

amino acid with the codon CTT

113
Q

Linear DNA

A

DNA arranged in strands, like in humans, unlike in bacteria, where it is arranged in loops

114
Q

Linnaean System

A

another name for taxonomy, as it was developed by Carl Linnaeus

115
Q

Lysine

A

amino acid with the codon AAA

116
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

when light sensitive cells in the middle of the retina stop working, potentially could be cured by stem cells

117
Q

Malathion

A

a type of insecticide that head lice have adapted to be resistant to

118
Q

Mammalia

A

mammals class

119
Q

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

A

genetic disorder where the body cannot properly break down amino acids

120
Q

Mass Extinction

A

a period of time where extinction happens on a huge scale globally where many, or most, of the species on Earth have died out

121
Q

Maternal Chromosomes

A

chromosomes from your mother

122
Q

Maui Hersperomannia

A

a critically endangered shrubby tree located only on the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and O’ahu, with less than twenty-five in existence due to competition with Florida blackberry, Christmas berry, Koster’s curse and strawberry guara

123
Q

Maurice Wilkins

A

the man who sold Rosalind Franklin’s DNA model to James Watson and Frances Crick

124
Q

Merozoites

A

carry the malaria in the blood and the liver

125
Q

Meiosis

A

a process similar to mitosis that only affect gametes

126
Q

Methionine

A

amino acid with the codon ATG

127
Q

Midgut Epithelium

A

a portion of embryo cells that form the intestines

128
Q

Miocene

A

23 to 5 million years ago

129
Q

Morphological Features

A

used in taxonomy to class species, related to someone’s anatomical insides

130
Q

Mutation

A

change in the structure of a gene

131
Q

Deletion

A

where one base is deleted, having an impact on every base after that point

132
Q

Inversion Mutation

A

where a section of genetic code is inverted

133
Q

Silent Mutation

A

a mutation that has no noticeable impact

134
Q

Non-Coding DNA

A

DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene expression

135
Q

Nucleolus

A

the centre of the nucleus, where genetic information is stored

136
Q

Nycticebodies

A

an insectivorous primate

137
Q

Oligocene

A

period of time 33.9 million to 23 million yeras ago

138
Q

Oocyst

A

a cyst containing a zygote formed by malaria

139
Q

Ookinete

A

penetrates the mosquito’s stomach to form an oocyst under the outer gut lining

140
Q

Origin of the Species

A

Charles Darwin’s book containing theories on Natural Selection

141
Q

Paralysis

A

condition caused by damage to nerve cells, potentially could be cured by stem cells

142
Q

Palaecene

A

period of time 66 to 56 million years ago

143
Q

Panthera

A

genus including lions and panthers

144
Q

Panthera Leo

A

lion’s binominal name in Latin

145
Q

Paranthropus Boisei

A

an extinct species of humans

146
Q

Parent Cell

A

the cell that divides

147
Q

Paternal Chromosomes

A

chromosomes from your father

148
Q

Pedigree’s

A

a diagram similar to a family tree that shows inheritance

149
Q

Phenotype

A

physical appearance of a characteristic

150
Q

Permethrin

A

a type of insecticide that head lice have adapted to become resistant to

151
Q

Phenylalanine

A

amino acid with the codon TTT

152
Q

Physiological Features

A

used in taxonomy to class species, related to something’s anatomical insides

153
Q

Pliocene

A

period of time from 5 million to 2.58 million yeras ago

154
Q

Polar Bear

A

classed as vulnerable due to climate change causing habitat loss

155
Q

Polydactyly

A

a genetic disorders where someone has extra fingers or toes with a dominant allele

156
Q

Polysomy

A

a condition in which an organism has at least one more chromosome than usual

157
Q

Predictable Characteristic

A

characteristics that can be predicted using a Punnett Square

158
Q

Primates

A

primates order

159
Q

Proline

A

amino acid with the codon CCT

160
Q

Partial Trisomy

A

a condition in which an organism has an extra part of a chromosome, usually the arm

161
Q

Punnett Square

A

developed by Professor Reginald Crundall Punnett to show how likely it is that something may be inherited

162
Q

Rana

A

a genus of frogs known as brown or pond frogs

163
Q

Rana Clamitans

A

binominal name for green frog

164
Q

Ranidae

A

frog family with Eurasian or Indian origins

165
Q

Recessive Allele

A

allele whose characteristics only show up when it is present on both chromosomes

166
Q

Taking Cuttings

A

a quick and cheap way of reproducing plants with clones

167
Q

Tissue Culture

A

produces offspring using small groups of cells from a plant

168
Q

Trisomy

A

where an organism has three copies of a chromosome instead of two

169
Q

Trisomy 1

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, as there has only been one recorded surviving case of this in history

170
Q

Trisomy 2

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, causes severe health problems such as growth and motor delay, intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, deafness, clubfoot, rocker-bottom feet and face and body asymmetry

171
Q

Trisomy 3

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, causes severe health problems such as skeletal abnormalities, ectodermal dysplasia, stomach issues, but normal intelligence

172
Q

Trisomy 4

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, causes severe health problems such as skeletal abnormalities, feeding and breathing difficulties, craniofacial abnormalities, abnormalities of the hands and feet, genital abnormalities and heart defects and severe intellectual disability

173
Q

Trisomy 5

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, causes severe health problems such as polyhydramnious, esophageal atresia, respiratory distress, hypotonia, fontanels, delayed growth, hypertonia, craniofacial abnormalities, hydrocephalus, cardiac malformations, hearing difficulties, clubfeet and shortened femurs

174
Q

Trisomy 6

A

a condition which sometimes causes no problems, but may cause problems such as slow growth, craniofacial abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, an unusually short webbed neck and abnormal joint issues

175
Q

Trisomy 7

A

a condition which often causes body asymmetry, abnormally shaped ears, micrognathia, genital abnormalities and many other symptoms similar to Silver-Russel syndrome

176
Q

Trisomy 8

A

a conditions which often ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, people often survive into adulthood, with symptoms such as abnormal stature, intellectual disabilities, musculoskeletal and eye abnormalities

177
Q

Trisomy 9

A

a condition which often ends in miscarriage or death within the first twenty days of life, but those who do survive often exhibit symptoms such as developmental delay, skull and nervous system problems, micrognathia, low-set ears, overlapping fingers, limited hip abduction, rocker bottom feet, heart murmurs and webbed neck

178
Q

Trisomy 10

A

a condition which causes symptoms such as intellectual disability, digestive issues, heart and kidneys issues and craniofacial abnormalities

179
Q

Trisomy 11

A

a condition which causes symptoms such as intellectual disability, poor muscle tone and facial abnormalities, although most people with trisomy 11 live full lives with normal lifespan

180
Q

Trisomy 12

A

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, people often exhibit symptoms such as macrocephaly, poor muscle tones, intellectual disability, facial abnormalities and developmental delays

181
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau’s Syndrome

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, stillbirth, or death in infancy, but when it doesn’t, it can cause symptoms such as craniofacial disorders, problem with the development of the nasal passage, haemanigiomas, microcephaly, deafness, genital defects, kidney problems and abnormal wall defects

182
Q

Trisomy 14

A

a condition which causes symptoms such as growth restriction, intellectual disability, developmental disability, facial abnormalities and congenital abnormalities

183
Q

Trisomy 15

A

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, it can cause symptoms such as growth restriction, congenital heart defects, genital abnormalities and craniofacial abnormalities

184
Q

Trisomy 16

A

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, it can cause symptoms such as spina bifida, congenital heart defects and genital defects

185
Q

Trisomy 17

A

a condition which almost always ends with miscarriage, as there have been no recorded cases of it

186
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward’s Syndrome

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, stillbirth or death in infancy, so treatment is almost always refused as it is described as ‘incompatible with life’, and may cause symptoms such as heart, respiratory, kidney and gastrointestinal problems

187
Q

Trisomy 19

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, as there have only been two recorded cases

188
Q

Trisomy 20

A

a condition which almost always ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, it can cause symptoms such as spinal abnormalities, gastrointestinal issues, low muscle tone, and significant learning disabilities

189
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down’s Syndrome

causes symptoms such as learning disabilities, stunted growth, low muscle tone and craniofacial abnormalities, congenital heart defects, vision and hearing defects, and issues with the immune system, although most people with Down’s syndrome live full lives

190
Q

Trisomy 22

A

a condition which often ends in miscarriage, but when it doesn’t, it can cause symptoms such as congenital heart defects, intellectual disabilities, asymmetric body development, kidney malformations, genital defects and hearing problem

191
Q

Tetrasomy

A

where an organism has four copies of a chromosome instead of two

192
Q

Pentasomy

A

where an organism has five copies of a chromosome instead of two

193
Q

Hexasomy

A

where an organism has six copies of a chromosome instead of two

194
Q

Heptasomy

A

where an organism has seven copies of an chromosome instead of two

195
Q

Octosomy

A

where an organism has eight copies of a chromosome instead of two

196
Q

Nanosomy

A

where an organism has nine copies of a chromosome instead of two

197
Q

Decasomy

A

where an organism has ten copies of a chromosome instead of two

198
Q

Proline

A

amino acid with the codon CCT

199
Q

Protoplasm

A

a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acid, proteins, lipids and other molecules

200
Q

Pseudopodia

A

a temporary protrusion of the cytoplasm of a cell, such as an amoeba or a white blood cell, that takes up food or other particulate matter

201
Q

Ring Stage

A

the first stage in the cycle where malaria infects the blood

202
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

the woman who discovered the double helix model by using x-rays

203
Q

Sanger Process

A

a technology where each gene is sequenced base letter by base letter

204
Q

Schizont Stage

A

the third stage in the cycle where malaria infects the blood

205
Q

Serine

A

amino acid with the codon TCT

206
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

chromosomes 23, which are different in male sand females, with two X chromosomes in a girl and an X and a Y in males; this is decided by the sperm

207
Q

Specialised Cells

A

cells adapted to do a certain job

208
Q

Speciation

A

where species are split due to environmental, physical or behavioural barriers, meaning there is no interaction between the two, so the two separate groups then adapt to their different environments, until they become so different that they cannot produce fertile offspring, and so become two separate species

209
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms which share similar characteristics and which breed together to produce fertile offspring

210
Q

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

A

genetic disorder that causes the loss of motor neurones and muscles to gradually waste away

211
Q

Sporozoites

A

multiple oocysts caused by malaria

212
Q

Stem Cells

A

unspecialised cells which can divide to make specialised cells

213
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism that can give rise to many more cells of the same type, but not all

214
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

the inner cells of the embryo that differentiate to form all types of specialised cells

215
Q

Umbilical Stage Cells

A

contains a large supply of high-quality stem cells, which, although they can make more cells than adult stem cells, they cannot make as many as embryonic stem cells, and this is only available to rich people who can afford to freeze umbilical cords

216
Q

Sumatran Oranguatan

A

listed as critically endangered due to an epidemic on the island Sumatra in Indonesia, threatened by logging, conversion of forest to agricultural land, oil and palm plantations, and fragmentations of roads

217
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Base

A

bases come off of this

218
Q

Taxonomy

A

placing organisms into groups based on their shared features, also known as classification

219
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

220
Q

Telestes Polylepis

A

a critically endangered freshwater fish only found in the Stauicka Janga stream in Croatia, numbers declining due to habitat degradation caused by water extraction and the presence of introduced trout fish

221
Q

Three-Domain System

A

method of classification in which organisms are categorised into
three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota, developed by Carl Woese

222
Q

Threonine

A

amino acid with the codon ACT

223
Q

Thymine

A

one of the four bases that makes up DNA, bonds with A

224
Q

Tryptophan

A

amino acid with the codon TGG

225
Q

Tyrosine

A

amino acid with the codon TAT

226
Q

Valine

A

amino acid with the codon GTT

227
Q

Variation

A

the differences between members of the same species

228
Q

Environmental Variation

A

variations influenced by the outside environment

229
Q

Genetic Variation

A

variations influenced by genetics, such as hair colour, eye colour, blood group and some genetic diseases

230
Q

Western Gorilla

A

listed as critically endangered due to hunting and deaths caused by Ebola

231
Q

Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing

A

the method of genome sequencing that Celera used, which skipped the mapping stage entirely and just divided the genome into small fragments which then went straight into the Sanger Method

232
Q

Zygote

A

the original cell formed when an egg and sperm fuse, that later develops into an embryo

233
Q

Speciation

A

where species are split due to environmental, physical or behavioural barriers, meaning there is no interaction between the two, so the two separate groups then adapt to their different environments, until they become so different that they cannot produce fertile offspring, and so become two separate species

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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