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Biology GCSE > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Aqueous Humour

A

the clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea

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2
Q

Axon

A

the long part of a neurone

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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

decision making part of the brain

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4
Q

Blind Spot

A

a spot at the back of the eye where the nerves join and light cannot reach

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A

system that controls voluntary and involuntary reactions

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

co-ordinates movement and balance and is important for voluntary tasks

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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

the largest part of the brain, divided into four lobes

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

the lobe that lies immediately behind the forehead, controls areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality and voluntary movement

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9
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

the rearmost lobe in the central hemisphere of the brain

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

the lobe at the top of the head, concerned with reception and correlation of sensory information

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11
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

located underneath the temples, concerned with understanding speech

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12
Q

Cilary Muscles

A

pull the lens for focusing

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13
Q

Circular Muscles

A

muscles that contract causing the lens to constrict

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14
Q

CAT Scans

A

Computerised Axial Tomography Scans

scans that use a series of x-ray images from the different angles and a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body’s internal structure

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15
Q

Concave Lens

A

a lens for short-sighted people that focuses the light on the retina and makes it converge later

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16
Q

Convex Lens

A

a lens for long-sighted people that focuses the light on the retina and makes it converge earlier

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17
Q

Coordination Centres

A

areas that receive information from receptors and send out signals to coordinate a response from the body

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18
Q

Cornea

A

lets light into the eyes and begins focusing

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19
Q

Cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

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21
Q

Effector

A

the part of the nerve that carries stimulus to muscles, organs and glands

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22
Q

fMRI Scans

A

scans that produce images related to the levels of oxygen in the blood and therefore to metabolic function, and hence, localised brain activity. These scanners produce images related to the water molecule’s hydrogen nuclei and therefore to anatomical structure. These are expensive and are mainly used for experimental research

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23
Q

Grey Matter

A

the darker tissue of the brain comprimising mainly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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24
Q

Hippocampus

A

where new memories are stored in the brain before going to long-term memory

25
Q

Hippocrates

A

the first person to believe that senses were linked to the brain

26
Q

Homeostasis

A

a balancing act that attempts to keep everything as constant as possible, such as regulation of internal conditions of cells to maintain optimum conditions for functioning

27
Q

Hyperopia

A

long-sightedness, where the focal point is behind the retina

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the brain that controls things like body temperature, hunger, thirst and sleep

29
Q

Impulse

A

a wave of electrical charge across a neurone

30
Q

Iris

A

controls the amount of light entering the eye

31
Q

Laboratory Stage

A

the first part of a drug trial, where drugs are first tested on computer models, then on human cells, which is where most fail due to toxicity, then onto animal trials, where side effects begin to be studied

32
Q

Lens

A

focuses light on the retina

33
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

when light-sensitive cells in the middle of the retina stop working

34
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

a study method that involves scanning the brain using powerful magnets and radio waves

35
Q

Medulla

A

sits at the top of the spinal cord, closest to the central nervous system. It sends messages down the spinal cord, controls movement, relays sensory impulses, relays information from internal organs, controls the arousal, controls sleep, regulates blood pressure and controls digestion, breathing and heart beating

36
Q

Motor End Plate

A

where a motor neurone ends

37
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty protective coating that protects the axon in neurones

38
Q

Myopia

A

shortsightedness, where the focal point is in front of the retina

39
Q

Nerve

A

tissue made up of neurones

40
Q

Motor Neurone

A

neurones that have impulses travel down the neurone fibre from the motor neurone cell body to the neurone endings in the muscle or gland

41
Q

Relay Neurone

A

neurones that pass signals between nerves

42
Q

Sensory Neurone

A

neurones that have impulses that travel down through the neurone fibre through a sensory neurone cell body to neurone endings in the central nervous system

43
Q

Neurosurgeon

A

a doctor that specialises in brains

44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

a chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse, that, by diffusing across the synapse, effects the transfer of one nerve to another

45
Q

Optic Nerve

A

the nerve that sends signals from the eyes to the brain

46
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovered that people with speech impediments often had lesions on the cerebral cortex, making him the first person to link a specific part of the brain to a specific function

47
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a man who was working on the railway and was involved in an accident where a metal pole went through his head and survived, though he had a vastly different personality

48
Q

Pupil

A

lets light through to the lens

49
Q

Radial Muscles

A

muscles that constrict causing pupils to dilate

50
Q

Receptors

A

cells that detect stimuli in an external environment

51
Q

Reflex Actions

A

automatic protection

52
Q

Replacement Lens

A

one of the most recent treatments for long- and short-sighted people, where an extra lens is added to permanently correct vision defects

53
Q

Retina

A

a light-sensitive layer that sends signals to the optic nerve

54
Q

Sclera

A

the white outer layer of the eyeball

55
Q

Suspensory Ligaments

A

ligaments that hold the lens in place

56
Q

Synapse

A

the microscopic gap between two neurones

57
Q

Tapetum

A

also known as the choroid, a reflective layer in the eyes of some animals, making them shine in the dark

58
Q

Vitreous Humour

A

the transparent gelatinous tissue filing the eyeball behind the lens

59
Q

White Matter

A

the paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibres with their myelin sheaths

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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