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Biology GCSE > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosome

A

part of the sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down outer layers of the egg

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2
Q

Actin

A

a protein that, together with myosin, forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cell

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3
Q

Actin-Myosin Bundle

A

a bundle of actin and myosin proteins found on smooth muscle cells that form the contractile filaments in muscle cells

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4
Q

Apical Meristem

A

growth region in plants found within root tips and the tips of new shoots and leaves

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5
Q

Axon Collateral

A

a branch of the main axon that feeds back to the soma

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6
Q

Axon Hillock

A

joins the soma to the axon in the neurone

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7
Q

Biconcave

A

something that curves in in two places

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8
Q

Cell

A

the building block of life, all living things are made up of one or more cells, e.g. white blood cells

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9
Q

Cell Body

A

the spherical part of the neurone that contains the nucleus

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10
Q

Cell Capsule

A

an envelope around the cell wall found in some bacteria cells

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11
Q

Cell Cycle

A

the life cycle of a cell

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12
Q

Cell Division

A

when cells divide, they copy their DNA so that each new cell has the same genetic information. Cells divide for growth, repair and to specialise

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13
Q

Cell Equator

A

centre of the cell, where chromosomes line up during mitosis

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14
Q

Cell Membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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15
Q

Cell Pole

A

where chromosomes migrate to during mitosis

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16
Q

Cellulose

A

an insoluble structure that supports cell walls

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

helps provide strength and structure to the cell

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18
Q

Chloroplasts

A

perform photosynthesis in plant cells

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19
Q

Companion Cell

A

a cell that helps transport substances through the sieve cells of the phloem

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20
Q

Concave

A

something that curves inwards

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the fluid part of the cell where many reactions happen

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22
Q

Dense Bodies

A

areas of electron density on smooth muscle cells

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23
Q

Differentiation

A

the process for making specialised cells

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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25
Q

Electron Microscope

A

invented in the 1930s, these microscopes use beams of electrons to magnify things up to 2 million times, but are far more expensive and difficult to use than light microscopes, and only magnify dead things

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26
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

have a lower magnification than transmission electron microscopes but can produce 3D images

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27
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

have a higher magnification than scanning electron microscopes but only produce 2D images

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28
Q

Embryonic Stem Cell

A

makes all types of stem cells in the body

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29
Q

Eukaryote

A

cells such as fungi, plant and animal cells, which have a nucleus

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30
Q

Flagellum

A

a small thread-like structure that helps cells to swim

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31
Q

Gamete

A

a sex cell

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32
Q

Inoculating Loop

A

a simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to pick up and transfer a small sample of microorganisms from a microbial culture for streaking on a culture plate

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33
Q

Light Microscope

A

microscopes that use light sources to magnify things up to 2000 times, can magnify alive and dead things, far cheaper and easier to use than electron microscopes

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34
Q

Lignin Spiral

A

helps support tissues in plants

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35
Q

Magnification

A

the measure of how much bigger the image is than the object

magnification = size of image / size of object

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36
Q

Microscopy

A

use of a microscope

37
Q

Middle Section

A

part of a sperm cell that contains mitochondria to make it move

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

perform aerobic respiration, providing the cell with energy

39
Q

Mitochondrial Eve

A

the name given to the most recent common female ancestor of all humans, who lived around 200000 years ago

40
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of cell division

41
Q

Multipotent

A

stem cells that have the ability to make some types of specialised cells

42
Q

Murein

A

what the cell wall is made of

43
Q

Myosin

A

a fibrous protein that, together with actin, forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cell

44
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

spaces between the myelin coating on the neurone’s axon

45
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

membrane of the nucleus

46
Q

Nucleus

A

contains a cell’s DNA and genetic information

47
Q

Organ

A

structure made up of more than one tissue, i.e. heart contains muscle, nerve, fat and connective tissue

48
Q

Organelle

A

small component found inside a cell, eg nucleus

49
Q

Organism

A

individual living being, eg blue whale

50
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs that work together, eg digestive system

51
Q

Parent Cell

A

cell that splits during mitosis

52
Q

Palisade Cell

A

plant cells packed with chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis

53
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it

54
Q

Phloem

A

cells which transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage issues

55
Q

Phloem Vessel

A

tissue made up of phloem cells

56
Q

Pili

A

short curled hairs on the surface of certain bacteria that are involved in the attachment of the bacteria to other cells

57
Q

Plasmids

A

small loops of DNA

58
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

59
Q

Pluripotent

A

stem cells that have the ability to make all types of specialised cells

60
Q

Prokaryotes

A

bacteria cells which don’t have a nucleus, only a big loop of DNA and a cell wall made of slime

61
Q

Protists

A

a form of single-cell eukaryotes

62
Q

Red Blood Cell

A

cells containing haemoglobin for carrying oxygen, which have no mitochondria or nucleus, and are thin in the middle so oxygen can easily get to it

63
Q

Replication

A

when cells split, creating duplicate cells from one parent cell

64
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two separate points under a microscope

65
Q

Resolving Power

A

how much detail a microscope can show

66
Q

Ribosome

A

synthesises proteins

67
Q

Root Cap

A

mass of cells covering the growth tip of a plant

68
Q

Root Hair Cell

A

helps to absorb water and minerals from the soil by increasing the surface area of the root

69
Q

Sieve Plate

A

secretes proteins through the sieve tube

70
Q

Sieve Tube

A

transports sugars through the phloem

71
Q

Slime Wall

A

protects the cell wall

72
Q

Soma

A

spherical part of the neurone that contains the nucleus

73
Q

Specialised Cells

A

cells adapted to do a certain job

74
Q

Specialism

A

specific job of a specific cell

75
Q

Sperm Cell

A

contain half the DNA needed to make a baby, the smallest animal cells

76
Q

Stem Cells

A

unspecialised cells that can be used to make specialised cells

77
Q

Tail

A

part of a sperm that helps it swim towards the egg

78
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

found at the end of dendrites, responsible for passing electrical signals on to other neurones

79
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

a procedure that involves produce an embryo with the same genes as the patient’s so that they are not rejected by the patient’s body

80
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells, eg muscle epithelial cell

81
Q

Tissue Stem Cell

A

makes a few types of specialised cells

82
Q

Vacuole

A

permanent part of the cells that gives it structure, made of cell sap

83
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

xylem and phloem together

84
Q

Xylem

A

cells which transport water and minerals up from the stem from the shoots and leaves, which occurs in one direction only

85
Q

Zone of Cell Division

A

also known as the zone of maturation, where cells differentiate into different type so cells

86
Q

Zone of Differentiation

A

the epidermis of the root hair cell

87
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

part of the root hair cell that grows longer to allow roots to grow deeper into the soil

88
Q

Zygote

A

a single new cell

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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