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Microbiomes > The Gut Microbiome and Neurological Diseases > Flashcards

The Gut Microbiome and Neurological Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gut brain axis

A
  • contains the vagus nerve
  • produces chemical signals/neurotransmitters
  • plays a role in stress response
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2
Q

gut-brain axis - vagus nerve

A
  • main nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • controls involuntary body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and immune response
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3
Q

gut-brain axis: neurotransmitters

A
  • serotonin
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • dopamine
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4
Q

neurotransmitters - serotonin

A
  • produced in the gut by enterochromaffin cells
  • influenced by gut bacteria
  • regulates mood, anxiety, and sleep
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5
Q

neurotransmitters - GABA

A
  • main inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • Bacteroides and Lactobacillus both produce GABA
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6
Q

neurotransmitters - dopamine

A
  • reward and motivation
  • protection against neurological diseases
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7
Q

neurotransmitters - short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

A
  • produced when bacteria ferment undigested food
  • regulate the epithelial layer
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8
Q

modulation of immune system

A
  • metabolite production
  • immune cell regulation
  • dysbiosis
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9
Q

modulation of immune system - metabolite production

A
  • SCFAs - propionate
  • B-vitamin production
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10
Q

modulation of immune system - immune cell regulation

A
  • gut microbiome helps develop and mature the immune system
  • tolerance to antigens
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11
Q

modulation of immune system - dysbiosis

A
  • condition where microbiome balance is disrupted
  • correlated with diarrhea, food sensitives, fatigue, depression
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12
Q

what may cause dysbiosis

A
  • diet
  • lifestyle
  • stress
  • aging
  • diseases
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13
Q

dysbiosis - diet

A

low fiber and highly processed foods

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14
Q

dysbiosis - lifestyle

A

amount of exercise, sleep, diet

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15
Q

dysbiosis - stress

A

chronic stress impacts microbe composition

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16
Q

dysbiosis - aging

A
  • microbiome change over time creates less diversity
17
Q

neurological diseases correlated to microbiome

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • autism spectrum disorders
  • stroke and brain injury
18
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • chronic irreversible brain disorder
  • progressive degradation of brain cells
  • most common type of dementia among the elderly
19
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - effect of progressive degradation of brain cells

A
  • memory impairments
  • cognitive decline
20
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - what potential links are present

A
  • between gut microbiota dysbiosis and systemic inflammation
  • contributing factor in neurodegeneration in patients with AD
21
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • progressive and multicentric neurodegenerative disease
  • abnormal gastrointestinal functioning can influence PD
22
Q

Parkinson’s Disease - how is it progressive

A
  • age is a huge risk factor
  • involves death of dopamine neurons
23
Q

Parkinson’s Disease - what are clinical symptoms

A
  • muscular rigidity
  • resting tremor
  • postural instability
24
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
  • development of inflammatory focal demyelinated plaques in the CNS
  • a healthy gut microbiome can potentially alleviate inflammatory symptoms and help with immunomodulation
25
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A
  • complex range of neurodevelopment symptoms
  • more than 40% of individuals with ASD experience gastrointestinal dysfunction
26
Q

autism spectrum disorder - environmental factors

A
  • malnutrition
  • viruses
  • developmental errors in pregnancy
27
Q

autism spectrum disorder - what gastrointestinal dysfunction may occur

A
  • abdominal cramps
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
28
Q

stroke and brain injury

A

blood supply to part of the brain is blocked of reduced

29
Q

stroke and brain injury - development of stroke through risk factors

A
  • atherosclerosis = plaque buildup in artery walls
  • diabetes
  • arterial hypertension
30
Q

stroke and brain injury - atherosclerosis and microbiome composition

A
  • immune response
  • obesity

Microbiomes (12 decks)

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