Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

F24 Microbiomes > L10: Animal Microbiomes > Flashcards

L10: Animal Microbiomes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the complexity gradient of microbiome diversity

A
  1. Lepidoptera caterpillar gut
  2. Bobtail squid light organ
  3. Aphid bacteriocytes
  4. honeybee gut
  5. vertebrate gut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

microbiome diversity - Lepidoptera caterpillar gut

A

no detectable resident microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microbiome diversity - Bobtail squid light organ

A

single symbiont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microbiome diversity - Aphid bacteriocytes

A
  • 1-2 primary symbionts
  • a few microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

microbiome diversity - honeybee gut

A

a few microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microbiome diversity - vertebrate gut

A

hundreds of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the complexity gradient of model systems

A
  1. Hawaiian Bobtail squid
  2. fruit fly
  3. zebra fish
  4. mice
  5. humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diversity of model systems - Hawaiian Bobtail squid

A

proteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diversity of model systems - fruit fly

A
  1. proteobacteria
  2. firmicutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diversity of model systems - zebra fish

A
  1. proteobacteria
  2. fusobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diversity of model systems - mice

A
  1. firmicutes
  2. bacteroidetes
  3. proteobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diversity of model systems - humans

A
  1. firmicutes and bacteroidetes
  2. actinobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

examples of host-mictobiota co-adaptation mechanisms

A
  • corals and dinoflagellates
  • termites and wood decay
  • crop plants and root microbiome
  • cows and rumen microbiota
  • lab mice and gut microbiota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

host-microbiota co-adaptation - corals and dinoflagellates

A

carbon provision in nutrient-poor waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

host-microbiota co-adaptation - termites and wood decay

A

lignocellulose degredation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

host-microbiota co-adaptation - crop plants and root microbiota

A

nutrient provisiong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

host-microbiota co-adaptation - cows and rumen microbiota

A

nutrient metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

host-microbiota co-adaptation - lab mice and gut microbiota

A

disease modeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define phylosymbiosis

A

describes a pattern of symbiotic relationships where evolutionary history of a host organism correlates with the composition of its associated microbiome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phylosymbiosis - where is it not seen

A

microscopic marine invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define compartmentalization

A
  • separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments
  • can also separate microbes in space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can compartmentalization drive the evolution of symbiotic cooperation

A

it can allow hosts to stabilize cooperation via:
- isolates symbionts and controls their reproduction
- reward cooperative symbionts and punish non-cooperative ones
- reduce direct conflict among different symbiont strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gut microbiota - C. elegans

A
  1. protobacteria
  2. bacteroidetes
  3. firmicutes
  4. actinobacteria and acidobacteria (super small)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gut microbiota - Drosophila

A
  1. firmicutes
  2. protobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
gut microbiota - Honey bee
1. firmicutes 2. protobacteria 3. bacteroidtes (very small)
26
gut microbiota - fish
- has all families 1. protobacteria 2. others 3. firmicutes 4. bacteroidetes 5. acidobacteria 6. cremarchaeota
27
gut microbiota - mice
1. firmicutes 2. bacteroidetes 3. protobacteria 4. others 5. cremarchaeota and acidobacteria (very small)
28
gut microbiota - humans
- has all microbes 1. firmicutes 2. bacteroidetes 3. protobacteria 4. cremarchaeota 5. acidobacteria 6. others
29
explain the gut microbiota diversity in animals from most to least
1. mammals 2. fish 3. reptile 4. insect 5. bird
30
host factors influencing gut microbiome
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission - innate immunity - adaptive immunity - other mechanisms
31
host factors influencing gut microbiome - humans
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (expect vegetative reproduction) - innate immunity - adaptive immunity - other mechanisms (except coprophagy)
32
host factors influencing gut microbiome - mice
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (except vegetative reproduction) - innate immunity - adaptive immunity - other mechanisms
33
host factors influencing gut microbiome - fish
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (except maternal provisioning) - innate immunity (except PGRP) - adaptive immunity - other mechanisms (except coprophagy)
34
host factors influencing gut microbiome - honey bees
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (except female germ cells and vegetative reproduction) - innate immunity (except NOD-like receptors) - NO adaptive immunity - other mechanisms
35
host factors influencing gut microbiome - *Drosophila*
- genotype - phenotype - NO vertical transmission - innate immunity (except NOD-like receptors) - NO adaptive immunity - other mechanisms
36
host factors influencing gut microbiome - *C. elegans*
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (only female germ cells) - innate immunity (except PGRP and NOD-like receptors) - NO adaptive immunity - other mechanisms (except coprophagy)
37
host factors influencing gut microbiome - *Hydra*
- genotype - phenotype - vertical transmission (only vegetative reproduction) - innate immunity (except PGRP) - NO adaptive immunity - NO other mechanisms
38
gut microbiota: diet and food levels - carnivores
1. firmicutes and actinobacteria 2. fusobacteria
39
gut microbiota: diet and food levels - omnivores
proteobacteria
40
gut microbiota: diet and food levels - herbivores
1. firmicutes (99%) 2. actinobacteria (1% - only 1 recorded)
41
gut microbiota: diet and food levels - from most to least diverse
1. herbivore 2. omnivore (balanced diversity) 3. carnivores
42
Ant proventriculus case study - what is a proventriculus
- a valve located between the crop and midgut of insects - blocks the enter of bacteria and particles ≥0.2 um into the mid- and hindgut - allows the passage of dissolved nutrients
43
Ant proventriculus case study - explain the microbiome after the proventriculus
- the mid-, hindgut, and rectum - has *Opitutus* sp. as the dominant microbe
44
aphid bacteriome case study - what is a bacteriocyte
they are large cells that form the building blocks of the bacteriome
45
aphid bacteriome case study - what is a bacteriome
- specialized organ that host endosymbiotic bacteria - houses *Buchnera* spp.
46
aphid bacteriome case study - what microbiome colonizes the aphid gut
- facultative symbionts - gut-associated bacteria - bacterial pathogens - plant associated bacteria and pathogens
47
aphid bacteriome case study - explain the *Buchnera aphidicola* bacteria
- aphid ancestor and bacteria co-diversified - results in genome reduction - the bacteria engages in amino acid and vitamin provisioning - this provisioning is then maternally transmitted from bacteriocyte to progeny (children)
48
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study - what does the squid use the bacteria for
- *Vibrio fisherii* is contained within the Hawaiian bobtail squid's light organ - the bacteria produces light for the squid to camouflage
49
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study - explain the colonization process
1. sterile (0 - 30 mins) 2. permissive (30 - 60 mins) 3. restrictive (60 - 120 mins) 4. specific (past 120 mins)
50
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study: colonization process - sterile
- 0 mins: host hatches from egg - 30 mins: the bacteria's cilia of surface epithelia begin to beat
51
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study: colonization process - permissive
- light organs are open to small numbers of bacteria or particles < 2um - 60 mins: host sheds mucus in response to bacterial peptidoglycan
52
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study: colonization process - restrictive
- initiation of bacterial aggregates (gram-negative bacteria) - bacteria and particles are removed by an unknown mechanism
53
Hawaiian bobtail squid and *Vibrio fisherii* case study: colonization process - specific
- only *V. fisherii* - *V. fisherii* aggregate above the pore and migrate to the duct before colonizing the light organ
54
define bacterial quorum sensing
internal form of of communication that bacteria use to coordinate group behavior
55
bacterial quorum sensing - define autoinducers
a chemical signal molecules that bacteria use in quorum sensing
56
bacterial quorum sensing - how does it define the squid-vibrio symbiosis
- at low cell density, bacteria produces autoinducers - via quorum sensing, bacteria move close and become high in density - high density than produces light
57
explain compartmentalization in corals
- mucus - tissue -skeleton
58
compartmentalization in corals - mucus
- 1st line of defense - has its own microbiome
59
compartmentalization in corals - tissue
- made of the: epidermis, mesoglea, gastrodermis, and mouth - has its own microbiome - has coral-associated microbial aggregates (CAMAs) - contains the phycosphere
60
compartmentalization in corals: tissue - CAMAs
- clusters of bacteria that form in the tissues of corals - contains *Endoziocomonas* (Gammaproteobacteria)
61
compartmentalization in corals: CAMAs - *Endoziocomonas*
- *E. marisrubri* 6c may have the ability to home in on suitable hosts via motility and chemotaxis - they then activate a cascade of mechanisms to evade or modulate host immune responses
62
compartmentalization in corals: CAMAs - *Endoziocomonas* benefits
- amino acid metabolism - biosynthesis and B vitamin provisioning - utilization of organic carbon sources by *E. marisrubri* 6c
63
compartmentalization in corals: tissues - phycosphere
- region around the Symbiodiniceae surface that is identified by the algae production of metabolites - within the tissues and inside the symbiosome
64
compartmentalization in corals - skeleton
- contains: endoliths and endolithic band - hotspot for bacterial diversity - has its own endolithic microbiome - has tissue and endolith nutrient exchange
65
compartmentalization in corals: skeleton - bacterial diversity
- has a low photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) - has stable near-infrared radiation (NIR) that is useable by bacteriochlorophyll
66
compartmentalization in corals: skeleton bacterial - bacteriochlorophyll
- a photosynthetic pigment found in certain bacteria - helps harvest light energy
67
compartmentalization in corals: skeleton - nutrient exchange between endoliths and coral tissue
N and C nutrient exchange is increased in unhealthy/bleached corals
68
compartmentalization in corals: nutrient exchange between endoliths and coral - low susceptibility to bleaching
usually has: - greater diversity - functional redundancy - lower C and N assimilation (chemolithotrophy)
69
compartmentalization in corals: nutrient exchange between endoliths and coral - high susceptibility to bleaching
- lower diversity - higher C and N assimilation (photoautotrophy) - higher productivity
70
explain the how microbes can provide a fast-response mechanism to rapid environmental change
from long to short: 1. genetic adaptation 2. epigenetic modification 3. acclimatization 4. algal symbionts 5. bacterial community
71
how can we harness microbes to help organisms adapt
- microbial transfer therapy - probiotics
72
microbial dynamics - healthy coral
mutualist
73
microbial dynamics - unhealthy coral
- opportunists - copiotrophs - presence of pathogens and pathobiome
74
microbial dynamics: unhealthy coral - copiotrophs
- organisms found in environments with abundant nutrients - specifically carbon
75
microbial dynamics: unhealthy coral - pathobiome
community of microorganisms that interact with the host to cause disease

F24 Microbiomes (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions