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Microbiomes > L8: Plant Microbiome > Flashcards

L8: Plant Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

what functions are present in the plant microbiome

A
  • boost plant health
  • control pathogens
  • alleviate abiotic stress
  • probiotics
  • microbiome manipulation
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2
Q

what are the 4 main microhabitats

A
  • Phyllosphere
  • Leaf endosphere
  • Rhizosphere
  • Root endosphere
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3
Q

main microhabitats - which has the most diverse microbial community

A

the rhizosphere

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4
Q

what are the beneficial effects of the plant microbiome

A
  • alleviate stress
  • growth stimulation
  • pathogen defense
  • nutrient acquisition
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5
Q

beneficial effects - alleviate stress

A
  • detoxification
  • Regulate ACC deaminase
  • reducing ethylene production
  • ROS scavenging
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6
Q

beneficial effects - growth stimulation

A

Microbes produce plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins)

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7
Q

beneficial effects - pathogen defense

A
  • Antibiotic production
  • lytic enzymes
  • siderophores
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8
Q

beneficial effects - nutrient acquisition

A
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • unlock nutrients
  • enhance plant nutrient uptake
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9
Q

factors shaping plant microbiome - above ground

A
  • Plant genotype (genes, physiology)
  • Climate (air, precipitation)
  • Predators
  • Pathogens
  • Soil type
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10
Q

factors shaping plant microbiome - below ground

A
  • Soil microbiomes
  • Soil pH, moisture, composition
  • Genotype (exudates, immunity)
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11
Q

microbiome colonization

A
  1. bulk soil: soil composition/ microbial communties
  2. rhizosphere: plant metabolites and plant-plant interactions
  3. rhizosphere and endosphere: plant immunity
  4. improved plant growth
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12
Q

microbiome colonization - plant immunity

A
  • Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)
  • Effector-triggered immunity (ETI)
  • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
  • Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
  • Wound-induced defense
  • RNA interference (RNAi)
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13
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - pattern-triggered immunity

A
  • plant’s first line of defense against pathogens
  • triggered by the recognition of conserved microbial molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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14
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - effector-triggered immunity (ETI)

A

a more robust and specialized immune response, activated when the plant detects specific pathogen effectors

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15
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

A
  • After local infection, a signal (i.e., salicylic acid) is sent from the infection site to the rest of the plant, “priming” distant tissues to be more resistant to future infections.
  • SAR provides long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
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16
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - Induced systemic resistance (ISR)

A
  • another whole-plant immune response, similar to SAR but triggered by beneficial microbes (such as rhizobacteria) rather than pathogens
  • mediated by signaling pathways involving jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene rather than salicylic acid.
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17
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - Wound-induced defense

A

A response triggered by tissue damage, such as from feeding insects

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18
Q

microbiome colonization: plant immunity - RNA interference (RNAi)

A

A defense mechanism against viral infections.

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19
Q

explain the environment below ground

A
  • rhizosphere
  • rhizoplane
  • endosphere
20
Q

below ground environment - rhizosphere

A
  • Area of soil around a plant’s root system.
  • Extends few millimeters from the root surface into the surrounding soil
21
Q

below ground environment - rhizoplane

A

Thin layer of soil that adheres directly to the root surface, including the root epidermis and mucilage

22
Q

below ground environment - endosphere

A

Interior of plant tissues, particularly the root, where microbes can reside

23
Q

below ground microbiome: alpha-diversity - endosphere vs rhizosphere

A
  • endosphere communities had the lowest α-diversity
  • rhizosphere had the highest α-diversity.
24
Q

below ground microbiome: alpha-diversity - bulk soil vs rhizosphere

A

difference in α-diversity between bulk soil and rhizosphere was not statistically significant

25
Q

below ground microbiome - beta-diversity

A

Microbial composition (beta-diversity) was different across microbial compartments

26
Q

what is Bacterial nodulation

A

a symbiotic process that occurs when leguminous plants form root nodules in response to bacterial colonization of Rhizobia bacteria

27
Q

bacterial nodulation - what is Rhizobia

A

bacteria that can fix nitrogen (N2 to NH3) originally thought to be only members of the genus Rhizobium

28
Q

bacterial nodulation - root nodules

A

formed when nitrogen fixing bacteria called rhizobia enter the cells of a host plant

29
Q

bacterial nodulation - process

A
  1. flavonoids
  2. nodulation factors (NFs)
  3. Expression of NF
30
Q

bacterial nodulation process - flavonoids

A
  • Under low N conditions
  • the plant will release flavonoids into the rhizosphere
31
Q

bacterial nodulation process - nodulation factors (NFs)

A

Flavonoids induce the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of nodulation factors (NFs) in some bacteria

32
Q

bacterial nodulation process - expression of NFs

A

Expression of NF activate the development of nodules in the plant

33
Q

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)

A

group of beneficial microbes that play a critical role in the phosphorus cycle by making insoluble forms of phosphorus (P) available to plants

34
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) - Pseudomonas

A
  • Species in this genus are widely recognized for their ability to solubilize phosphate
  • Pseudomonas fluorescens, for example, is often used in biofertilizers
35
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) - Bacillus

A
  • This genus includes several PSB, such as Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis.
  • They are frequently studied for their efficiency in releasing phosphate through organic acid production.
36
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria - Rhizobium

A
  • Known primarily for nitrogen fixation in legumes
  • many species of Rhizobium also exhibit phosphate solubilization capabilities, providing dual benefits to plants
37
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria - Azotobacter

A
  • fix nitrogen
  • solubilize phosphate
  • promoting plant growth through multiple pathways.
38
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria - Enterobacter

A

Species such as Enterobacter cloacae are involved in phosphate solubilization and are found in various soil environments

39
Q

phosphate solubilizing bacteria - Acinetobacter

A

Some strains of Acinetobacter have been found to solubilize phosphate effectively, contributing to nutrient cycling in soils.

40
Q

phyllosphere environment

A

contains epiphytes and endophytes

41
Q

phyllosphere - epiphytes

A

microbiota members residing on the surface

42
Q

phyllosphere - endophytes

A
  • microbiota members that reside inside phyllosphere tissues
  • either intracellular spaces and/or within the plant cell
43
Q

explain microbiome homeostasis on rice leaves

A

regulated by a precursor molecule of lignin biosynthesis

44
Q

microbiome homeostasis on rice leaves - knockout mutant

A
  • knockout mutant of OsPAL02 (KO) results in reduced Pseudomonadales abundance
  • creates dysbiosis of the phyllosphere microbiota and consequently higher susceptibility of plants to disease
45
Q

phyllosphere vs rhizosphere sensitivity

A
  • phyllosphere microbiome is more sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance
  • this is because it has a lower functional redundancy than the rhizosphere
46
Q

phyllosphere vs rhizosphere sensitivity - factors that create sensitivity

A
  • temperature
  • precipitation/drought
  • elevated CO2 levels
  • extreme weather events
  • invasive species

Microbiomes (17 decks)

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