Gut Microbiome, Diabetes, and Obesity Flashcards
1
Q
what is diabetes
A
- type 1: pancreatic β-cells are damaged by immune cells
- type 2: insulin resistance and impaired insulin signaling
2
Q
explain the insulin signaling pathway
A
- Glucose is transported into the β-cell
- and Ca+ concentration signals insulin secretion
3
Q
How the microbiota contributes
A
- Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes produce SCFAs
- LPS escape
- Bile acid conversion and Oxidation
4
Q
How the microbiota contributes - Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes produce SCFAs
A
- SCFAs (Short Chain Fatty Acids) functions as:
1. Energy source
2. Protects cell barrier
3. Glucose metabolism
4. Anti inflammation
5
Q
how the microbiota contributes - LPS escapes
A
- Lipopolyssacharides (LPS)
- can escape the gut into the bloodstream with a weakened gut barrier
- LPS activates an immune response and induces inflammation in adipose tissues
6
Q
How the Microbiota contributes - Bile acid conversion and Oxidation
A
- TMAO produced by the liver can induce atherosclerosis
- Bile acid conversion: help with glucose metabolism and help with insulin sensitivity 12
7
Q
The microbiome and T1D
A
- Dysbiosis occurs early in life before onset of T1D
- Increased abundance of Bacteriodes and decreased Firmicutes
8
Q
The microbiome and T2D
A
- decreased Firmicutes and Clostridia compared to controls.
- Bacteriodes to Firmicutes ratio positively correlated with reduced glucose tolerance
9
Q
Treatments using the microbiota
A
- fecal microbiota tranplant
- probiotics
- genetic modification
- Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10
Q
treatments - fecal microbiota transplant
A
Potential therapeutic to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity
11
Q
treatments - probiotics
A
Live microorganisms that can balance the microbiome
12
Q
treatments - genetic modification
A
- L. Lactic: recombinant to produce GLP-1
- resulted in stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance
13
Q
treatments - Niacin (Vitamin B3)
A
Improves cholesterol levels in microcapsules by delayed release
