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F24 Microbiomes > L4: Human Microbiome II > Flashcards

L4: Human Microbiome II Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

factors influencing the gut microbiome - in utero

A
  • antibiotic use by the mother
  • mother’s diet
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2
Q

factors influencing the gut microbiome - parturition

A
  • hospital setting
  • length of gestation
  • mode of delivery (c-section vs vaginal)
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3
Q

factors influencing the gut microbiome - infancy

A
  • environment
  • prebiotics/probiotics
  • formula feeding vs breastmilk
  • introduction of solid food
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4
Q

explain the evolving microbiome from pregnancy to early infancy - childhood

A
  • diverse
  • no dominant species
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5
Q

explain the evolving microbiome from pregnancy to early infancy - reproductive age

A
  • microbiome composition changes
  • Lactobacillus is selected for
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6
Q

explain the evolving microbiome from pregnancy to early infancy - menopause

A
  • diversity goes down
  • Ureaplasma is selected for
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7
Q

how does the vaginal microbiome change?

A
  • it changes with the menstrual cycle
  • bacterial abundance peaks during ovulation bc of estrogen levels rising
  • which microbe increases is different for each individual
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8
Q

what species dominates the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age?

A

Lactobacillus because it keeps pH low

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9
Q

vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age - what about women who do not have a domination of Lactobacillus spp.

A
  • they instead have a much more diverse microbiome
  • they instead have more anaerobic bacteria
  • a case for many women of color
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10
Q

vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age: more anaerobic bacteria - how is the pH kept low

A

the anaerobic bacteria can produce lactic acid that will keep the pH low

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11
Q

what is a nugent score

A

a way of evaluating vaginal microbiota for bacterial vaginosis

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12
Q

what is bacterial vaginosis (BV)

A
  • characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiome
  • microbiome changes from Lactobacillus species to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria
  • known as the microbiome of disease
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13
Q

why is BV dangerous

A
  • it is not effective at keeping pH low
  • causes a high risk of pre-term birth
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14
Q

BV vs normal microbiome - what does a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiome produce

A
  • lactic acid
  • bacteriocins
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • all keep the pH low
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15
Q

BV vs normal microbiome - what does a BV microbiome produce

A
  • SCFAs and pH will be increased
  • pro-inflammation
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16
Q

BV vs normal microbiome - is BV truly a microbiome of disease

A
  • no
  • some people naturally have more anaerobic bacteria and they may not show symptoms of BV
  • they are just more likely to have colonialism of opportunistic bacteria
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17
Q

how is the human vaginal microbiome unique

A

humans have 70% Lactobacillus spp. while other mammals only have 1%

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18
Q

how is the human vaginal microbiome unique - what is the proposed reason for this

A

vaginal pH of humans evolved to be low to make associations with Lactobacillus spp. since they resided in the gut

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19
Q

the microbiome in early life - birth

A
  • vaginal delivery: Lactobacillus was received from the mom
  • c-section: Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium. Not from mom but from the environment
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20
Q

the microbiome in early life - infant

A
  • milk consumption: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus
  • solid food introduction: Bacteroides, Clostridiales
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21
Q

the microbiome in early life - toddler

A
  • full adult diet
  • can still find early microbiome association prevalent
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22
Q

what is the impact of delivery mode on the infant

A

c-section babies are more prone to develop allergies, chronic inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disease

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23
Q

impact of delivery mode on the infant microbiome - c-section

A
  • horizontal gene transfer
  • specifically Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium
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24
Q

what is the impact of delivery mode on the infant - vaginal

A
  • vertical transmission
  • Lactobacillus
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25
how may RSV be prevented in infants
- breastfeeding - human milk oligosaccharides (hMOSs) reduces the viral load and inflammatory signaling - it travels to the blood and lungs
26
what is respiratory synoptical virus (RSV)
leading cause of lower respiratory infections which is a major source of infant mortality
27
factors influencing microbiome composition - baby
- formula-fed: Firmicutes is dominant - breastfed: Actinobacteria is dominant - solid-food: Bacteroidetes
28
factors influencing microbiome composition - toddler
- healthy: Bacteroidetes - antibiotic treatment: too much Bacteroidetes and too little Firmicutes - malnutrition: Proteobacteria
29
factors influencing microbiome composition - adult - elderly
Firmicutes
30
how does the gut microbiome change in mother and child
- early microbiome: child resembles mother - gets less similar as child gets older
31
how does the oral microbiome change in mother and child
changes between mother and child are visible after 6 months
32
what are the habitat for the oral microbiome
- supragingival plaque (teeth and gums) - buccal mucosa (inner cheek) - tongue dorsum (upper surface of the tongue)
33
oral microbiome - what is the most common microbe
- biofilms in teeth and gums - buccal mucose: Strptococcus spp. is dominant - tongue: more diverse sets of microbes
34
explain the microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth
1. *Streptococcus* and *Actinomyces* 2. *Streptococcus* and *Actinomyces* attract more proteins 3. *Veillonella* 4. *Porphyromonas* 5. *Fusobacterium* 6. *Treponema* and yeast *Candida*
35
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Streptococcus* and *Actinomyces*
- they are early colonizers - attracted to statherin in saliva - will colonize again after brushing your teeth
36
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Streptococcus* and *Actinomyces* attract more proteins
- amylase, lactoferrin, and other proteins - to assist with colonization - these then form thick biofilms
37
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Veillonella*
- *Veillonella* and other bacteria colonize the teeth - *Veillonella* is attracted to *Actinomyces*
38
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Porphyromonas*
- anaerobic bacteria *Porphyromonas* colonize the teeth - its attracted to the anaerobic conditions - biofilm becomes thicker and makes it hard to get rid of
39
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Fusobacterium*
anaerobic microenviornemtns allow the interaction of *Porphyromonas* with *Veillonella* followed by the adherence of another anaerobe *Fusobacterium*
40
microbial colonization of freshly cleaned teeth - *Treponema* and yeast *Candida*
colonization by *Treponema* and yeast *Candida*
41
plaque growth rate and inflammation response - unbrushed teeth
plaque had some growth rate but different inflammation rate
42
plaque growth rate and inflammation response: brushed teeth - cytokines vs other bacteria
- cytokines: low inflammation expressed - other bacteria: started a inflammation response as soon as the biofilm began to form
43
plaque growth rate and inflammation response - brushed teeth
bacteria accumulation is steady overtime
44
plaque growth rate and inflammation response - is it the same for every individual?
- no - people with the same microbiome will have different responses and rates
45
what are dental caries
- dense biofilm formation in a specific part of the teeth - categorized by the abundance of: 1. biofilm-forming bacteria 2. acid-producing and acid-tolerant bacteria
46
dental caries - what embodies all 3?
Streptococcus mutants
47
what is periodontal disease
- an inflammatory disruption in the host-microbial homeostasis of the periodontal pocket - results in biofilm colonizing inside the gums and the bacteria will start to secrete molecules that degrade teeth - categorized by microbial dybiosis
48
periodontal disease - microbial dybiosis
- a decrease in the abundance of Proteobacteria and Acinobacteria - increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes
49
periodontal disease - what bacteria are constantly enriched
- *Porphyromonas gingivalis* - *Fusobacterium nucleatum*
50
periodontal disease and various pathologies
- positive correlation - lesions in gums can cause bacteria to travel to the gut and through the blood stream - this can then cause an inflammatory response where molecules produced by bacteria travel and activate inflammation in the gut
51
periodontal disease and variaous pathologies - example
- Alzheimer's disease - correlated with gum disease
52
skin microbiome - explain the skin
- human body's largest organ - serves as a physical barrier - heavily colonized by diverse microorganisms that sit on the surface of the skin (epidermis) but also reside deep in hair and glands
53
skin microbiome - what factors influence skin microbiome diversity
- host physiology - environment - immune system - host genotype - lifestyle - pathobiology
54
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - host physiology
- sex - age - site on skin
55
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - environment
- climate - geographical location
56
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - immune system
- previous exposures - inflammation
57
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - host genotype
- susceptibility genes - such as filaggin
58
what factors influence skin microbiome diversity: host genotype - what is filaggin
- a protein in the epidermis - it is related to how much keratin is deposited in the skin - this relates to how thick the epidermis is
59
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - lifestyle
- occupation - hygiene
60
skin microbiome: what factors influence skin microbiome diversity - pathobiology
- underlying conditions - such as diabetes
61
skin microbiome vs other areas
- skin: more diverse and more spread out in a phylogenetic tree - other areas: less diverse and more close to each other in a phylogenetic tree
62
skin microbiome - what species is dominant in sebaceous areas
*Propionibacterium* spp.
63
skin microbiome - what species is dominant in moist areas
*Staphylococcus* and *Corynebacterium* spp.
64
skin microbiome - what species is dominant in dry areas
- a mixed representation from phylum Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes
65
skin disorders associated with the microbiome
- acne - atopic dermatitis (AD) - rosacea
66
skin disorders - acne
involves androgen-induced increases in: - sebum production - altered keratinization - inflammation - dysbiosis of facial skin
67
skin disorders: acne - what are the 2 major microbes associated with acne
- *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Cutibacterium acnes* - contribute to acne by penetrating follicles and creates an inflammatory response - but is also known to promote health
68
skin disorders: acne - how do *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Cutibacterium acnes* promote health
by inhibiting growth and invasion of pathogens
69
skin disorders - atopic dermatitis (AD)
- dysfunction of the skin barrier caused by mutation in the gene that encodes for filaggrin - a protein involved in cornification
70
skin disorders: AD - what microbes are dominant
- increased bacterial colonization of *Staphylococcus aurenus* and viral infections
71
skin disorders: AD - that are the 2 stages
- non-flare: microbiome if still different but has less *Staphylococcus aurenus* - flare: noticeable increase in *Staphylococcus aurenus* colonization
72
skin disorders - rosacea
- disregulstion of the immune system - imbalance of in microbial composition - but *Demodex* mite has been found on healthy skin is significantly increased which activates the inflammation response

F24 Microbiomes (17 decks)

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