The Gut Microbiome

Question 1

Microbiota?

Answer 1

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals.

Question 2

Commensals?

Answer 2

A commensal is an organism that uses food supplied in the internal or the external environment of the host, without establishing a close association with the host, for instance by feeding on its tissues.

Question 3

Commensal types?

Answer 3

1. Commensalism:
   Host provides environment. Bacteria ferment digested food. Present in latge numbers but harmless.
2. Mutualism:
   Host provides environment. Bacteria metabolize host food to fatty acids and gases. Host uses fatty acids as energy
3. Parasitism:
   Host provides environment. Protozoa feed on mucosa causing ulcers and dysentery

Question 4

When is communsalism harmful?

Answer 4

May be harmful if tissues damaged(surgery), gut flora changes(antibiotics) or immunity reduced

Question 5

Example of commensalism?

Answer 5

Large intestines of humans
&
Bacteroides spp.

Question 6

Example of mutualism?

Answer 6

Bacteriodes spp.
&
Rumen of cattle

Question 7

Example of parasitism?

Answer 7

Entamoeba histolytia
&
Large intestines of humans

Question 8

What does the microbial community includes?

Answer 8

Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Viruses
Archae(a type of prokaryote

Question 9

Microbiota maturation depends on what?

Answer 9

1. Mode of delivery:
   Vaginal delivery
   Cesarean delivery
2. Milk consumption
   Solid food introduction
3. Medical Exposure
4. Environment

Question 10

Bacterial functions?

Answer 10

1. Digestion of dietary components
2. Maintenance of epithelial integrity
3. Maintenance of epithelial function
4. Maintenance of mucosal barrier
5. Interaction with the host immune system

Question 11

Microbiota metabolism?

Question 12

Maintenance of epithelial structure & function?

Question 13

Diseases associated with gut dysbiota?

Question 14

Reversal of gut dysbiota?

Answer 14

1. Prebiotics
2. Probiotics
3. Symbiotics
4. Antibiotics
5. Postbiotics
6. Faecal transplantation

Question 15

Caveat?

Answer 15

Ideally human randomised controlled trials to determine efficacy.

Question 16

Two categories of microbiome-based therapy?

Answer 16

1. Therapeutic
2. Description

Question 17

Therapeutic Based Therapy VS description

1. Content
2. Fecal microbiota

Answer 17

1. Prebiotics vs non-digestible molecules to boost bacterial growth
2. Fecal Microbiota transplantation VS feces from a healthy donor

Question 18

Microbiota obesity and bile acids?

Answer 18

1. Intestinal microbiota deconjugate and
   dehydroxylate primary bile acids
2. Reabsorbed bile acids stimulate GLP-1
3. GLP-1 has an incretin effect
   4 .Glucose control stabilised

Question 19

Ulcerative colitis?

Question 20

What changes in microbiota causes?

Answer 20

1. Intestinal porosity
2. Immune response of the mucosa
3. LPS release causes leaky gut
4. LPS causes inflammation of liver and
   adipose tissue
5. Impaired glucose control results

Question 21

Faecal microbiota transplantation?

Question 22

Reversal of ulcerative colitis?

Question 23

Omics in GIT?

Question 24

How does diet affect microbiota?

Answer 24

Calorie restriction causes reversible microbiota
Changes.

Question 25

How does physical activity affect microbiota?

Answer 25

Physical activity changes gut microbiota

Question 26

How does bariatic surgery affect microbiota?

Answer 26

Bariatric surgery changes gut microbiota

Question 27

How are prebiotics transformed into in obesity?

Answer 27

Prebiotics fermented to short-chain fatty acids

Question 28

How are probitoics & inflammation in obesity

Answer 28

Probiotics reduce inflammation and leptin

Question 29

Effect of the dysregulation of gut?

Answer 29

Dysregulation of gut microbiota causes significant disease.

Question 30

What is used in the regulation of the microbiota?

Answer 30

Reversal of microbiota dysregulation an increasingly used therapeutic application.