The GIT Nutrition Flashcards
Nutrition
-The process of obtaining or providing food for good health
-Science that deals with nutrients and nutrition
What are the four categories of undernutrition?
- Wasting(low weight for height)
- Stunting(low height for age)
- Underweight(low weight for age)
- Vitamin and mineral deficiency
Wasting?
Usually indicates recent & severe weight loss,
* Due to insufficient food to eat and/or infectious disease e.g. diarrhoea
Stunting?
- Result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition
- Usually associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor maternal health & nutrition,
frequent illness, and/or inappropriate infant and young child feeding and care in early life. - Affects cognitive function
Underweight?
A child who is underweight may be stunted, wasted, or both
Vitamin and mineral deficiency(inadequate micronutrient intake)
Children & pregnant women in low income countries particularly at
risk of developing deficiencies in
* vitamin A
* Iodine
* Iron
Overweight and obesity?
- Person too heavy for his or her height
- Risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases
- Imbalance between energy consumption (too much) vs energy expended (too little)
Hidden hunger?
Presence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies
-Particularly iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin A
-Can occur without a deficit in energy intake
-Energy-dense, but nutrient-poor diet.
How many people are affected by hidden?
Affects > 2 billion people globally
-particularly in low- and middle-income countries
What causes hidden hunger?
Due to reliance on low-cost food staples & non diverse diet
Double burden of malnutrition?
Coexistence of undernutrition & overweight, obesity or diet-related
How does the double burden of malnutrition occur?
i. Within individuals -simultaneous presence of two or more types of
malnutrition, or multiple types over a lifetime (obese & deficient in
micronutrients)
ii. Households -different family members presenting with different types of
malnutrition (under and over nutrition)
iii. Populations/Communities/countries (usually due to socioeconomic factors), and across the life-course
What are the three assessments of nutrtional status?
- Clinical Knowledge
- Biochemical tests: blood/serum & tissue biopsies(urine, saliva and hair)
- Anthropometry
- Dietary Survey
Bioimpedience?
is about the electrical properties of your body or other biomaterials
Anthropometry?
-Skin fold thickness measurements
-Waist circumference determination
-Height
-Weight
-Body mass index computation (kg/m²)
-A BMI of 25.0 to <30.0 is denotes overweight while a BMI >30.0 denotes obesity
-Arm circumference
-Head circumference
Dietary survey?
For this direct records of individuals diets are taken and inferences drawn
based on the nutrient composition of the dietary constituents
What are the dietary survey methods?
- Prospective Methods
- Retrospective Methods
Prospective Methods?
7 day food record or 72 hour record of nutrient
intake
-keeps diary & record all foods and beverages
consumed during the specified time period.
-The quantity of each component is also recorded
Retrospective Methods?
Dietary intake recall
-Either as a food frequency (per
day/week/month) or 24 hour recall. Further
details will be provided in the lab sessio
Limitations of methods especially recall (retrospective)
over/under estimation of food consumption
What are the quality control measures that are instituted?
i. Crosschecking. Use more than 1 method (e.g. 24h recall and food frequency) to avoid over/under
reporting.
ii. Validation. Check how a method actually assessed intake.
iii. Reliability. Check consistency of data.
Proximate analysis?
Determination of the macronutrients in food
What is trans fat?
Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fatty acids, is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs in foods.
RDI vs RDA vs DV
RDI (Reference Daily Intake) is a population-adjusted RDA based on all ages and sex groups of RDA values.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.
The Daily Value (DV) is put on the labels of food products and is meant for the general population.
