the giant annoying chapter of 10 (10.1-10.5) Flashcards
Capital (vocab term)
money :/
entreprenuer
someone who organizes a business
cottage industry
two step process of making cloth
puddling
burning away impurities in iron
industrial capitalism
economic system based on industrial production
socialism
society owns/controls part of a production
James Hargreaves
invented the Spinning Jenny, which made the spinning process much faster
Edmund Cartwright
invented the water-powered loom made the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of thread
James Watt
invented the steam engine; enabled the engine to drive machinery
Henry Cort
invented puddling process
Richard Threvifick
built the first steam locomotive; ran on a rail line in Britain and transported ore and people
Robert Fulton
steamboating
Karl Marx
his followers believed to polarize the gap between the owners of the means of production and the workers even more
Robert Owen
transformed the squalid factory town of New Lanark into a flourishing community
How did industrial revolution begin in Britain
agricultural revolution, growth of population from a food increase, supply of capital to forfeit into machines, plentiful natural resources, supply of markets gave manufacturers an outlet for their goods
evolution of cloth
many new machines improved the speed of production of cloth
factory system
created a new labor system. factory owners preferred to constantly use their machines so that extended the workers’ shifts
railroads
created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, thus creating larger markets
spread of industrialization
industrialization spread to europe at different times and different speeds. france was slower and had little coal. heavy mechanism in britain and rich in iron and coal. unification of german state led to rapid industrial growth. in the US a lot of citizens were farmers
New social classes
middle class was made up of the people who buit the factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets
working conditions
steam-powered engines were the cause of bad working conditions. cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes were a way of life. deformed bodies and ruined lungs. cotton mills were worse, as they were dirty, dusty, and unhealthy.
universal male suffrage
all adult men could vote
multinational empire
collection of different peoples, such as germans, czechs, magyars, slovaks
Charles X
reactionary who attempted to censor the press and take away voting rights from middle class
Louis-Phillipe
cousin of charles x who took the throne after he was overthrown
louis-napoleon III
won a victory for president
causes of revolutions of 1830s
liberalism and nationalism
effects of revolutions of 1830s
overthrow of charles x, revolutions of belgium, poland, italy, and russia
causes of revolutions of 1848
liberalism, nationalism, conservative order still dominated much of europe
effects of revolutions of 1848
growth of opposition
failure of 1848
monarchy was overthrown, a group of moderate republicans set up a temporary government
militarism
reliance on military strength
kaiser
emperor
plebliscite
popular vote
emancipation
edit which freed the serfs
abolitionism
movement to end slavery
Victor emmanuel II
ruler of the island piedmont
Cavour
pursued a policy of high economic growth in order to equip a large army; made an alliance with napoleon
louis-napoleon
alliance with cavour gave nice and savoy to the french
gisueppe garbaldi
italian leader who raised an army of one thousand volunteers. garbaldis forces landed in sicily and controlled most of the island
crimean war
the result of the long-term struggle between russia and ottoman empire, when the ottoman empire had long controlled most of the balkans in southeast europe. this effect was to destroy the concert of europe
the red shirts (italian unification)
patriots who followed gisueppe during his campaigns
italian alliances (italian unification)
the king supported cavour’s idea of an alliance with france
kingdom of the piedmont
the island of sardinia, nice, and savoy, ruled by the royal house of savoy
kingdom of the two sicilies
sicily and naples; a revolt broke out in italy against the king; garbaldi’s forces marched over and the entire kingdom of the two sicilies fell
frankfurt assembly
failed to achieve german unification in 1848
prussia (german unification)
prussia had become a strong, prosperous, authoritarian state; prussian king had firmcontrol over the government and army; militarism
realpolotik
the “politics of reality”, politics based on practical manners rather than ethics
Danish war (in bismark)
prussia gained control of the duchies of schelswig, then the austrians were defeated in war
Astro-prussian
Astro-prussian - prussia organized the german states north into the main river into the North german confederation; the southern german states feared prussia and france; they agreed to sign military alliances with prussia for protection from france
franco-prussian war
prussia and france became embroiled in a dispute over the candidacy of a relative of a prussian king for the throne of spain
second german empire
william I of prussia was emperor; southern german states agreed to enter the north german confederation
british avoidance of political upheavals
Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male voters. The new voters were chiefly members of the industrial middle class. By giving the industrial middle class an interest in ruling, britain avoided revolution in 1848
second french empire
Four years after his election as president, Louis-Napoleon returned to the people to ask for restoration of the empire; he assumed the title of emperor napoleon III; authoritarian government
austrian empire - compromise of 1867
Dual monarchy of austria-hungary; each of the two components of the empire now had its own constitution, legislature, government bureaucracy, and capital.
industrialization
russia was rural, agricultural, and autocratic
Alexander II’s reforms
emancipation edict; government provided land for the peasants
abolitionism
movement to end slavery; challenged southern way of life
creole
descendant of europeans who had settled permanently in latin america
peninsulare
spanish and portugese officials who resented temporarily in latin america for political/economic gain
mestizo
people of mixed european and native descent
caudillo
strong leaders who ruled chiefly by military force
cash crops
crops you grow for export
toussaint-louveture
led 1000000+ enslaved people in revolt
hidalgo
parish priest; roused local native americans and mestizos to free themselves from the spanish; led army of them in attack against spanish
iturbide
creole military leader who set up a new government; named himself emperor
bolivar
began struggle for venezuelan independence
san martin
liberated argentina from spanish authority; led his forces to attack the spanish in chile
monroe
president of the us; declared that the americas were off limits were off limits for any colonizational efforts
lopez de santa anna
ruled mexico from 1833-55; misused state funds, halted reforms, created chaos
juarez
brought liberal reforms to mexico (separation of church and state/land distribution)
manuel de rosas
brought about radical change
haiti revolt
the revolting enslaved people seized control of all hispaniola; be came first independent state in latin america
revolt in mexico
Hidalgo’s forces were crushed; NA’s and mestizos cooperated in defeating the revolutionary forces; creoles and peninsulares decided to overthrow spanish rule; augustin de iturbide was selected military leader
revolt in argentina
San martin and bolivar; soldiers in san martin’s forces suffered from lack of oxygen and severe cold; forces were badly defeated at the battle of chacabuco and chile declared its independence; san martin and bolivar teamed up and bolivar took on the task of crushing the last significant spanish army at ayacucho
revolt in venezuela
many states in South america became free and divided into five republics; central american states had become independent in 1823
threats to independence
members of the concert of europe favored using his troops to restore spanish control in latin america, britain disagreed and proposed joint action with the US against any european moves against latin america
issues after independence
britain dominated the latin america economy; population had no land to grow crops; poverty
romanticism
emphasis of feelings, emotions, and imagination
secularization
indifference or rejection of religion in the affairs of the world
natural selection
some organisms born with variations or differences that make them more adaptable to their environment than other organisms
realism
the belief that the world should be viewed realistically
Delacroix
his paintings showed a fascination with the exotic and a passion of color
beethoven
his song “third symphony” embodied the elements of romanticism with powerful melodies that created dramatic intensities
sir walter scott
writer whose book told of clashes between knights in midieval england
mary shelley
gothic literature, book frankenstein
wordsworth blake
english romantic poet of nature; experience of nature was almost mystical
pasteur
proposed the germ theory of disease
mendeleyev
classified all materials then known on the basis of their atomic weight
faraday
put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation of the use of the electric current
darwin
idea that humans are material beings who are part of the natural world
flaubert
perfected the realist model
charles dickens
novels showed the realities of life in the lower classes in the early industrial age
courbet
his paintings portrayed scenes of everyday life and his subjects were peasants and factory workers
romanticism movement
Romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment. Art was secular and graceful, music was classical and melodic. Literature was mystical. Romanticism inspired others to create things that reflected inner feelings.
pasteurization
using heat to prevent the growth of microorganisms in perishable liquids such as milk
periodic table
a chart with all the known chemical elements
realism movement
literary realists rejected romanticism; realism became dominant in litetratue and art
