the fundus

Question 1

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) scotopic vision
B) photopic vision

Answer 1

a) rods

b) cones

Question 2

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) poor sensitivity to changes in light intensity
B) high sensitivity to changes in light intensity

Answer 2

a) cones

b) rods

Question 3

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) high acuity
B) low acuity

Answer 3

a) cones

b) rods

Question 4

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) blue light
B) red light

Answer 4

a) rods

b) cones

Question 5

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) poor motion sensitivity
B) high motion sensitivity

Answer 5

a) cone

b) rod

Question 6

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) low frequency flashes
B) high frequency flashes

Answer 6

a) rod

b) cone

Question 7

match Rods or Cones to the following:
A) peripheral retina
B) central retina

Answer 7

a) rods

b) cones

Question 8

true or false: dogs and cats have a holangiotic retina

Answer 8

true

Question 9

in chromatic pupil testing, what drives the response to blue light?

Answer 9

The blue light stimulates the photosensitive pigment melanopsin, which is found in a subpopulation of ganglion cells; this drives the PLR in the absence of photoreceptors

Question 10

what metabolic abnormality is found in dogs with RPED?

Answer 10

low serum vitamin E

Question 11

what substance forms the light brown foci in RPED?

Answer 11

lipfuscin

Question 12

what breed of cat suffers from 2 inherited forms of PRA?

Answer 12

abyssinian

Question 13

what name is given to the retinal changes seen in a cat with taurine deficiency?

Answer 13

Feline central retinal degeneration

Question 14

name 2 breeds that are affected by total retinal dysplasia

Answer 14

2 from:
bedlington terrier
sealyham
labrador
samoyed

Question 15

at what 2 points is the neurosensory retina attached?

Answer 15

ONH

ora ciliaris retinae

Question 16

What does the nerve fibre layer of the retina consist of?

a. Photoreceptor cells
b. Axons of the ganglion cells
c. Bipolar cells
d. Muller cell processes

Answer 16

b. Axons of the ganglion cells

Question 17

What is the physiological cup?

a. The pit in the optic nerve head where the hyaloid vasculature originated
b. The embryological invagination which forms the posterior part of the globe
c. The anterior vitreal face where it abuts the lens
d. The location of the hyaloid vasculature remnant on the posterior lens capsule

Answer 17

a. The pit in the optic nerve head where the hyaloid vasculature originated

Question 18

What is the pathognomonic ophthalmoscopic sign of collie eye anomaly?

a. Choroidal hyperplasia lateral to the optic disc
b. Coloboma on or adjacent to the optic disc
c. Choroidal hypoplasia lateral to the optic disc
d. Choroidal hypoplasia medial to the optic disc

Answer 18

c. Choroidal hypoplasia lateral to the optic disc

Question 19

What is the anatomical location of retinal detachments?

a. Between the optic disc and the neurosensory retina
b. Between the retinal pigment epithelium and the tapetum
c. Between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina
d. Between neurosensory retina and the choroid

Answer 19

c. Between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina

Question 20

What clinical signs might an owner report in a dog diagnosed with generalised progressive retinal atrophy?

a. Sudden onset white appearance to the eyes (cataract)
b. Sudden onset blindness
c. Sensitivity to bright light with squinting when the dog goes in the sun
d. Hesitance to go out at night and shiny-looking eyes

Answer 20

d. Hesitance to go out at night and shiny-looking eyes

Question 21

You are asked to examine a cocker spaniel which appears to have some visual disturbance. On ophthalmic examination of the fundus you note multiple mid-brown patches of discolouration throughout the tapetal fundus and mild blood vessel attenuation. From this description which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Active chorioretinitis
b. Multifocal retinal dysplasia
c. Retinal pigment epithelial degeneration
d. Generalised progressive retinal atrophy

Answer 21

c. Retinal pigment epithelial degeneration

Question 22

You have a breeder of miniature poodles who has had his stud dog DNA tested for progressive rod cone degeneration. The dog has been found to be a carrier. The breeder asks you for advice regarding breeding. Your recommendation should be as follows

a. He can be bred only to DNA tested clear bitches
b. He can be bred to any bitch regardless of her DNA status since he cannot produce affected puppies
c. He can be bred to DNA tested clear or carrier bitches
d. He should not be bred from at all

Answer 22

a. He can be bred only to DNA tested clear bitches

Question 23

What is the ophthalmoscopic appearance of a total bullous retinal detachment?

a. A veil-like membrane floating in the vitreous covering the optic disc
b. Large areas of haemorrhage within the retina and vitreous so that the detachment itself is obscured and cannot be directly visualised
c. Multiple ‘blister-like’ elevations of the retina
d. A billowing membrane visible behind the lens but attached at the oral ciliaris and optic disc

Answer 23

d. A billowing membrane visible behind the lens but attached at the oral ciliaris and optic disc

Question 24

What is the cause of feline central retinal degeneration?

a. Inherited photoreceptor dysplasia
b. Vitamin E deficiency
c. Taurine deficiency
d. Arginine deficiency

Answer 24

c. Taurine deficiency

Question 25

You are presented with a 10 year old male neutered West Highland white terrier with sudden onset blindness. The pupils are fixed and dilated and dazzle reflexes are absent. On fundus examination you are suspicious that the optic nerve heads look swollen. What further diagnostic testing would be most appropriate at this stage?

a. Chest radiography and MRI
b. ERG and CSF tap
c. ERG and MRI
d. CSF tap

Answer 25

c. ERG and MRI