Conditions of the Episclera, Sclera, Limbus & Conjunctiva

Question 1

Which site is the most common region for scleral rupture associated with blunt trauma in small animals?

a. Ventral part of the globe
b. Near the limbus
c. Dorsal part of the globe
d. At the posterior pole

Answer 1

d. At the posterior pole

Question 2

Unlike the cornea, the sclera is not transparent because structurally:

a. The sclera fibres vary in size and orientation
b. The scleral collagen fibres are a consistent diameter and shape
c. The scleral collagen fibres are orientated in a parallel fashion throughout the tissue
d. The scleral collagen fibres are regularly spaced

Answer 2

a. The sclera fibres vary in size and orientation

Question 3

Signs of scleritis include:

a. Non-painful, thickened sclera; episcleral hyperaemia; choroiditis
b. Non-painful episcleral masses; episcleral hyperaemia; thickened sclera; glaucoma
c. Painful, thickened sclera; episcleral hyperaemia; choroiditis
d. Painful episcleral masses; anterior uveitis

Answer 3

c. Painful, thickened sclera; episcleral hyperaemia; choroiditis

Question 4

Histologically, from inner to outer, the sclera is arranged as follows:

a. White fibrous tissue (the sclera proper); loose connective tissue (the episclera); elastic fibres (lamina fusca)
b. White fibrous tissue (the sclera proper); elastic fibres (the lamina fusca); loose connective tissue (the episclera)
c. Loose connective tissue (the episclera); a dense, white fibrous tissue (the sclera proper); elastic fibres (the lamina fusca)
d. Elastic fibres (the lamina fusca); a dense white fibrous tissue (the sclera proper); loose connective tissue (the episclera)

Answer 4

d. Elastic fibres (the lamina fusca); a dense white fibrous tissue (the sclera proper); loose connective tissue (the episclera)

Question 5

Which of the following does not arise as a consequence of symblepharon?

a. Ocular motility disorders
b. Exophthalmos
c. Epiphora
d. Exposure keratitis

Answer 5

b. Exophthalmos

Question 6

Possible causes of symblepharon include: (you may choose more than one answer)

a. Feline immunodeficiency virus
b. Feline herpes virus-1 infection
c. Chemical injury
d. Feline infectious peritonitis

Answer 6

b. Feline herpes virus-1 infection

c. Chemical injury

Question 7

Abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the sclera is termed:

a. Choristoma
b. Dermoid
c. Symblepharon
d. Staphyloma

Answer 7

d. Staphyloma

Question 8

Methods to determine if a globe is ruptured include:

a. Ultrasonography
b. Direct pupillary light reflex
c. Globe retropulsion
d. Aqueocentesis

Answer 8

a. Ultrasonography

Question 9

Optic nerve cupping occurs due to structural changes in the lamina cribosa and:

a. Inflammation of the optic nerve vessels which causes axon death
b. Reduced blood supply which causes axon death
c. Congestion of the optic nerve vessels which causes axon death
d. Inflammation of the nerve fibre axons which causes axon death

Answer 9

b. Reduced blood supply which causes axon death

Question 10

The most common tumour to affect the limbus of a dog is:

a. Squamous cell carcinoma
b. Lymphoma
c. Melanoma
d. Haemangiosarcoma

Answer 10

c. Melanoma

Question 11

where are staphylomas most commonly seen on the globe?

Answer 11

posterior pole

equator of the globe

Question 12

what are the main differential diagnoses for nodular granulomatous episcleritis?

Answer 12

lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, amelanotic limbal melanoma

Question 13

which breeds are over represented in cases of limbal melanoma?

Answer 13

german shepherd, golden retriever, labrador retriever

Question 14

what mode of inheritance has been suggested for ocular melanosis

Answer 14

autosomal dominant

Question 15

give the 6 most common conjunctival tumours in dogs

Answer 15

melanoma, haemangioma, haemangiosarcoma, papilloma, mast cell tumour, lymphoma

Question 16

what is the most common primary tumour of the conjunctiva in cats?

Answer 16

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 17

what is the most common secondary conjunctival tumour in cats?

Answer 17

lymphoma

Question 18

which 2 cat breeds are dermoids thought to be inherited?

Answer 18

birman and burmese

Question 19

true or false: Following primary infection, approximately 60% of cats become latent carriers with the virus
dormant in the trigeminal ganglia

Answer 19

false (80%)

Question 20

Is feline calicivirus an RNA or DNA virus?

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

true or false: systemic treatment is always required with chlamydia felis infection

Answer 21

true.

organism can become established in the GI and gentiourinary tract

Question 22

what breed of cat has the highest incidence of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis?

Answer 22

persian

Question 23

what is CALT?

Answer 23

conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 24

name 3 viruses that can cause primary conjunctivitis in the dog

Answer 24

distemper
herpes
adenovirus-2

Question 25

what parasites can cause conjunctivitis in the dog?

Answer 25

thelezia

leishmania

Question 26

give 4 systemic diseases that may be associated with conjunctival pathology signs in the dog

Answer 26

4 from:
Anaemia
Jaundice
Thrombocytopenia
Coagulopathy
Polycythaemia
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Systemic hypertension
Vasculitis
Systemic histiocytosis
Multicentric lymphoma
Idiopathic granulomatous disease
Autoimmune disease (mucocutaneous junctions)
Ligneous conjunctivitis

Question 27

give 7 pathogens implicated in feline primary conjunctivitis

Answer 27

feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
Chlamydophila felis
feline calicivirus (FCV) 
Mycoplasma spp. 
Staphylococcus epidermidis
B-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. 
non-haemolytic Streptococcus spp