Neuro-ophthalmology Flashcards
Which one of the following statements regarding Horner’s syndrome (HS) is correct?
Select one:
a. HS refers to dysfunction of the sympathetic component of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
b. Phenylephrine test can help to localise the level of the lesion causing HS
c. HS refers to dysfunction of parasympathetic supply to the eye
d. HS is characterised by a pupil which is dilated and unresponsive to light
b. Phenylephrine test can help to localise the level of the lesion causing HS
You are presented with a dog with fully dilated pupils, absent menace response and absent pupillary light reflex (PLR) in both eyes. Which anatomic localisation does not fit these neurological findings? Select one: a. Diffuse forebrain b. Optic chiasm c. Bilateral retina d. Bilateral optic nerve
a. Diffuse forebrain
A cat is presented with anisocoria. In bright light conditions both pupils constrict fully. In darkness the right pupil dilates fully while the left pupil remains constricted. The rest of the neurological examination is normal. What is the anatomical reason for this anisocoria assuming that there is no ophthalmological disease? Select one: a. Right sympathetic b. Left sympathetic c. Left parasympathetic d. Right parasympathetic
b. Left sympathetic
You are presented with a dog with absent menace response in the right eye and normal pupillary light reflex (PLR) in that eye. The rest of the neurological examination is normal. Where do you localise the lesion? Select one: a. Right optic nerve b. Left forebrain c. Right eye chambers or retina d. Optic chiasm
b. Left forebrain
Which one of the following statements regarding the menace response is correct?
Select one:
a. Pupils are always dilated and unresponsive to light when menace response is absent
b. The menace response involves the contralateral cerebellum
c. The menace response shares the same neuroanatomical pathways as the PLR pathways up to the level of the optic chiasm
d. The menace response is a learned response that may not be fully developed until 10-12 weeks in dogs and cats
d. The menace response is a learned response that may not be fully developed until 10-12 weeks in dogs and cats
Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
Select one:
a. Dropped jaw can be associated with decreased tear secretion
b. Dropped jaw is associated with various degrees of masticatory muscle atrophy depending on duration of signs
c. Dropped jaw can be associated with facial hypoaesthesia
d. Dropped jaw is caused by a unilateral lesion of the motor part of the trigeminal nerve
d. Dropped jaw is caused by a unilateral lesion of the motor part of the trigeminal nerve
Which neurological condition is the most common cause of dropped jaw?
Select one:
a. Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy
b. Idiopathic hypertrophic chronic pachymeningitis
c. Multicentric lymphoma
d. Peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the trigeminal nerve
a. Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy
Which one of the following statements about facial nerve paralysis is correct?
Select one:
a. Facial nerve paralysis is commonly associated with an ipsilateral dilated and unresponsive pupil in case of otitis media
b. Involvement of the parasympathetic supply of the lacrimal gland and nasal glands produces keratoconjunctivitis sicca and a dry nose respectively
c. Chronic facial nerve paralysis causes deviation of the nostril away from the affected side
d. Stroke is a common cause of facial paralysis in dogs and cats
b. Involvement of the parasympathetic supply of the lacrimal gland and nasal glands produces keratoconjunctivitis sicca and a dry nose respectively
A 6 year old male DSH is presented with ataxia and loss of balance. As part of the neurological examination and in order to localise the lesion, you are evaluating physiological and pathological nystagmus. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Select one:
a. Vertical nystagmus is only seen in central vestibular disorder
b. Horizontal nystagmus is only seen in peripheral vestibular disorder
c. Rotatory nystagmus is only seen in central vestibular disorder
d. Physiological nystagmus is spared in bilateral vestibular disorder
a. Vertical nystagmus is only seen in central vestibular disorder
Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
Select one:
a. The side of the lesion is given by the side of the head tilt with paradoxical vestibular disorder
b. The caudal cerebellar peduncle, the fastigial nucleus, or the flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum can cause central vestibular disorder with a resulting paradoxical head tilt
c. The presence of facial nerve paralysis cannot be used to differentiate central from peripheral vestibular disorder
d. Physiological nystagmus is usually absent bilaterally with bilateral vestibular disorder
a. The side of the lesion is given by the side of the head tilt with paradoxical vestibular disorder
what are the 4 possible pathological processes which may result in cerebrovascular disease?
(1) occlusion of the lumen by thrombus or embolus,
(2) rupture of the blood vessel wall,
(3) lesion or altered permeability of the vessel wall
(4) increased viscosity or other changes in the quality of the blood
what does a positive swinging flashlight test indicate?
a unilateral prechiasmal optic nerve disease and/or unilateral retinal disease.
what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
which branch of the trigeminal nerve has both motor and sensory function?
mandibular
what does the trigeminal nerve provide motor innervation to?
masticatory muscles
