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Historical Archaeology > The French > Flashcards

The French Flashcards

1
Q

Which French monarch initiated explorations of the New World?

A

Francois I, 1515-1547

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2
Q

Who was the first to explore the New World for the French, and when?

A

Giovanni de Verrazano, 1524

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3
Q

Who led a French expedition to Pernambuco, Brazil, and when?

A

Bertrand d’Ornesan in 1531

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4
Q

When did Jacques Cartier set sail for the New World, and why?

A
  • April 20, 1534

- hoped to discover the Northwest Passage, islands, lands, and gold

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5
Q

Where did Cartier’s first voyage take place?

A

sailed between L’anse aux Meadows and Red Bay, following the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence

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6
Q

What happened after Cartier hit a storm on his first voyage?

A

pushed into the Gaspe Bay, where he met about 300 Native Americans interested in trade

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7
Q

Who did Cartier kidnap on his first voyage, and why?

A

Chief Donnacona and his sons, Domagaya and Taignoagny to serve as guides

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8
Q

Where did Cartier’s second voyage take place?

A

hugged the banks of the St. Lawrence River, arriving in Stadacone and then Hochelaga

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9
Q

Why did Cartier return to Stadacone on his second voyage, despite rumors of gold further upriver?

A

running out of supplies

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10
Q

What happened on Cartier’s second voyage when his crew was forced to winter in the area?

A

they suffered from scurvy, but were aided by the Native Americans

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11
Q

What happened on Cartier’s second voyage when the Native Americans returned from a hunting expedition with others?

A

fearing an attack, Cartier took Domagaya and Taignoangy hostage and returns with them to France

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12
Q

When did Cartier’s third voyage take place, and what was the outcome?

A
  • 1536

- does not find any gold but claims the land for France and forges alliances with Natives in the area

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13
Q

What kind of presence did the French have in the New World in the 1500s?

A

no settlements, but lots of fishing

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14
Q

What sort of archaeological evidence has substantiated 16th-century French exploration?

A

beads

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15
Q

What led to the fur trade in North America?

A

fishing

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16
Q

Quebec was founded by ___________________ in ____

A

Samuel de Champlain; 1609

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17
Q

When was Montreal founded, and for what purpose?

A

1642, religious enterprise

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18
Q

What city took over as the fur trade center?

A

Montreal

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19
Q

Who were the Coureurs de bois?

A

French fur traders who decided to go further inland by themselves to trade with the Natives using canoes and other boats

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20
Q

Which tribes did the Coureurs de bois encounter in the Pays d’en haut, and how did they interact? (3)

A
  • Algonquin (allies)
  • Huron (neutral)
  • Iroquois (enemies to the Algonquin)
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21
Q

What happened to the Huron from 1649-1659?

A

they were destroyed by the Iroquois, who were allied with the English and the Dutch

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22
Q

How did the absence of the Huron affect the French?

A

Coureurs de bois became more important, but left their settlements vulnerable to attack for most of the year

23
Q

How did the French government intervene in the fur trade in the late 1600s?

A

tried to curtail the trade, but it proved to be too profitable and the French settlers remained unprotected

24
Q

Where had the French expanded by the early 1700s? (4)

A
  • Ohio River
  • Illinois River
  • Mississippi River
  • Lake Winnipeg
25
Q

How did the French try to discourage attacks by the English?

A

they ceded their border territories to them

26
Q

What led to the taking of all French territory by 1760?

A

the English were much more powerful, and the French & Indian War ensued

27
Q

How did European technology influence Native American groups? (3)

A
  • metal tools repurposed to make traditional Native American tools/shapes
  • hunting muskets changed hunting strategies and equipped Natives to fight European rivals, evening the playing field
  • at first, the French didn’t want to arm the Natives until they converted to Christianity, but saw that the English didn’t care about this and handed them over
28
Q

What was the impact of the fur trade on French-Native relations?

A
  • relationships with Indigenous Peoples were established by the fur trade
  • forced the French to rely on natural resources and natural environment
  • willingness to embrace Indigenous Peoples’ ways of life allowed the French to do better in the New World than other European powers
29
Q

What was Rene-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle’s obsession in the New World?

A

finding the Northwest Passage

30
Q

Where did La Salle’s first expedition take place?

A

down the Ohio River

31
Q

What did La Salle do after his first expedition?

A

he was sent as an emissary to Ontario, where he explored the Great Lakes

32
Q

What did La Salle do after exploring the Great Lakes?

A

a few years later, La Salle becomes the first European to travel all the way down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico

33
Q

What ship did the king of France give La Salle in 1684?

A

La Belle

34
Q

When did the French colonists set out for the Mississippi River?

A

1684

35
Q

Where did the colonists end up?

A
  • the ships end up 400 miles west of their target in Matagorda Bay
  • La Salle was convinced that they were close, but the navigator was not
36
Q

What did the colonists decide to do after reaching Matagorda Bay?

A

they went into the harbor; La Belle entered successfully but the larger ship hit a sand bar and was beached

37
Q

How did the colonists interact with the Karakawans upon arrival?

A

they stole their canoes in a misunderstanding and they begin to kill off the colonists

38
Q

What was the name of the colony the French established near Matagorda?

A

Fort St. Louis

39
Q

When did La Salle leave in search of the Mississippi River?

A

January 1686

40
Q

What happened to La Belle?

A

it was hit by a violent storm and wrecked in Matagorda Bay after returning to Fort St. Louis

41
Q

What happened to La Salle?

A

he decided to take all the able-bodied men and walk from Fort St. Louis to Montreal, but was shot by his own men near present-day Navasota

42
Q

How do we know how La Salle died?

A

the scribe survived the journey back to Montreal and recorded the events

43
Q

What happened when the Spanish found out about La Salle’s journey?

A

they embarked on two expeditions to destroy him, one from New Spain and the other from Florida

44
Q

What did the Spanish discover in Matagorda bay?

A

the wrecked ships, the failed colony, La Salle’s fate, and the remaining women and children

45
Q

What methods were used to uncover La Belle in 1995?

A

a remote-sensing campaign was launched in the bay utilizing magnetometry, discovering the wreck immediately

46
Q

What was the first finding from the La Belle shipwreck?

A

a bronze cannon bearing the name of le Comte de Vermandois, the admiral of the French navy for a short period that coincided with La Salle’s journey

47
Q

What was unique about the La Belle excavation?

A

rather than performing underwater archaeology, the Texan team removed the water from the site

48
Q

Where were the hull of the ship and many of its artifacts brought in 1997?

A

the Conservation Research Laboratory at Texas A&M Rellis Campus

49
Q

What did the conservators use to maintain the shape of the wood, and why did this become an issue?

A

polyethylene wax, the price of this material skyrocketed due to the fuel crisis in the mid 2000s

50
Q

How did conservators respond to the lack of polyethylene wax?

A

they designed a giant freeze dryer to prevent damage to the wood as the water dried

51
Q

How did conservators handle the La Belle timbers?

A

they disassembled the ship in the pool, freeze-dried the pieces, and shipped them to the Bullock museum in Austin for reassembly

52
Q

What artifacts were found in La Belle? (3)

A
  • one crew member died of thirst in the bow of the ship
  • iron polearms were found as well
  • lots of pottery, kitchen utensils and candlesticks
53
Q

What was interesting about the artifacts of La Belle?

A

artifacts made by the same people and excavated by A&M were found in the wreck of La Belle and in Port Royal

Historical Archaeology (18 decks)

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