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Historical Archaeology > The English > Flashcards

The English Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the Ralph Lane expedition in 1585 unsuccessful? (2)

A
  • lack of supplies, delayed shipment

- poor relations with Secotan

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2
Q

Describe the John White expedition of 1587. (4)

A
  • investigated previous colony
  • moved 50 miles upriver
  • went back to England for supplies
  • could only return to abandoned colony in 1590
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3
Q

Who founded the Jamestown colony in 1607?

A

the Virginia Company

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4
Q

What was significant about Jamestown?

A

England’s first permanent settlement in the Americas

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5
Q

Why did Jamestown struggle in the beginning? (3)

A
  • Powhatan
  • disease
  • famine
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6
Q

How many of the colonists were sent between 1607-1617, and how many were left by 1617?

A
  • 1700

- 351

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7
Q

What allowed the settlement to flourish in 1617?

A

discovery of tobacco farming

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8
Q

How did John Smith arrive in Jamestown?

A

accused of mutiny and arrived a prisoner

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9
Q

Describe John Smith’s relations with the Powhatans.

A

successful at trade with Powhatans

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10
Q

What was John Smith’s policy as president of the colony council?

A

“He who does not work, neither shall he eat”

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11
Q

What was the outcome of Smith’s leadership at Jamestown?

A

helped the fort grow, but earned him enemies

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12
Q

What was the outcome of John Smith’s departure from Jamestown?

A

left the colony with fractured leadership

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13
Q

What led to the “starving time” at Jamestown? (2)

A
  • lack of supplies

- bad relations with Powhatan

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14
Q

What did the colonists at Jamestown eat during the winter of 1609-1610? (2)

A
  • resorted to eating anything

- reports of cannibalism

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15
Q

Were reports of cannibalism at Jamestown confirmed?

A

confirmed by archaeology in 2012

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16
Q

How were reports of cannibalism at Jamestown confirmed?

A

portions of the butchered skull and shinbone of a 14-year-old girl from England, dubbed “Jane” by researchers, were uneartehd

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17
Q

What did John Rolfe bring to Jamestown in 1610?

A

nicotiana tabacum seeds

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18
Q

What kind of tobacco grew in North America?

A

nicotiana rustica, too bitter for European tastes

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19
Q

How did John Rolfe acquire N. tabacum seeds?

A

Spain had N. tabacum monopoly, no one knows where Rolfe got the seeds

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20
Q

Who was Pocahontas?

A

daughter of Wahunsenacaw, chief of Powhatans

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21
Q

What happened to Pocahontas?

A

kidnapped and converted to Christianity

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22
Q

Who did Pocahontas marry?

A

English tobacco grower John Rolfe

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23
Q

What name did Pocahontas take, and what did it mean?

A

Rebecca, “Mother of two peoples”

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24
Q

When and where did Pocahontas die?

A

in England, 1617 as “Civilized Savage”

25
Q

When did the first Africans arrive in Jamestown?

A

1619

26
Q

Why were the first Africans brought to Jamestown?

A

result of the transatlantic slave trade

27
Q

When did archaeology at Jamestown take place?

A

1994-present

28
Q

Where was Jamestown originally believed to be?

A

lost underwater

29
Q

Who was convinced that Jamestown was not lost?

A

Dr. William Kelos and Dr. Ivor Noel Hume

30
Q

How did Port Royal come to be a successful English colony? (8)

A
  • Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, launches an attack on Hispaniola to seize it from the Spanish
  • the attack fails, and what is left of the English fleet heads south to Jamaica and seizes the island instead
  • a sandbar extended from Kingston which allowed the English to set up a fort and defend the island
  • around the fort, Kingston develops as a city of seafarers and merchants, developing a strong reputation for prostitution
  • Port Royal became the most economically important port to England, especially since England legalized privateering in the 1660s
  • this “Buccaneer Period” was supposed to end in the 1670s, but it was so profitable that the English turned a blind eye
  • Port Royal became the mercantile center of the English in the Caribbean, but became notoriously known as the “Wickedest city in the world”
  • Port Royal was the largest English city in the New World by 1692, visited by 226 ships in 1688
31
Q

What happened to Port Royal during the earthquake of 1692? (3)

A
  • some sites such as the sunken town of Port Royal are so well-known they are never lost; there is an abundance of historic documents and maps
  • of course, the significant thing about Port Royal is that much of it sunk into the Kingston Harbor during an earthquake on June 7, 1692, ca. 11:40 AM
  • 2,000 people were killed immediately, while 3,000 died due to subsequent injuries and disease
32
Q

What was recovered from Port Royal after the earthquake?

A

documents and even the frozen hands of a watch reveal the details of everyday life in Port Royal in the late 17th century

33
Q

Who excavated Port Royal for 10 years?

A

the Institute of Nautical Archaeology

34
Q

How many students worked on the site?

A

150

35
Q

How long was the Port Royal site?

A

18-mile-long sand spit

36
Q

What is a catastrophic site?

A

archaeological sites that are created within a matter of minutes, preserving in situ a wide array of artifactual material

37
Q

Who founded the INA?

A

George Bass, Father of Nautical Archaeology

38
Q

What was George Bass’ first excavation?

A

shipwreck in Turkey dating to 1200 BC

39
Q

What experts did Bass gather to create the INA?

A

specialists in amphora, Mediterranean trade, and ship construction

40
Q

How did Bass end up at A&M?

A

originally pitching to a university in North Carolina, Texas A&M made Bass a great offer in 1976

41
Q

Why is conservation imperative to nautical archaeology?

A

water-logged items have to be dried out before they can be studied

42
Q

Who led conservation efforts for the INA by 1978?

A

Donny Hamilton

43
Q

When did A&M and the INA become partners?

A

1980

44
Q

What is unique method for conserving waterlogged wood?

A

sugar

45
Q

Why was sugar used to conserve waterlogged wood at Port Royal?

A

acts as a natural preservative

46
Q

What is a problem with using sugar for conservation purposes?

A

invites insects

47
Q

How was the diving conducted at Port Royal?

A

shallow diving is conducted from a support barge and is done during three-hour or longer dives using HOOKA - air hose from the barge

48
Q

What was used to excavate at Port Royal?

A

dredges - hose vacuums sediment away from the work area

49
Q

What method was not effective for excavation at Port Royal?

A

air lifts

50
Q

What size were the grids at Port Royal?

A

10ft square

51
Q

What was one of the great abundances of well-preserved artifacts at Port Royal?

A

a pipe shop

52
Q

How did individual buildings contribute to the excavations at Port Royal?

A

each building becomes a chapter in the story of the daily life of the town

53
Q

What were rooms 1-2 in building one?

A

cobbler

54
Q

What were rooms 3-4 in building one?

A

tavern

55
Q

What were rooms 5-6 in building one?

A

tobacco/pipe shop

56
Q

What artifacts were discovered in building five? (3)

A
  • earthenware pot in fallen doorway
  • 21 pewter plates in stairwell
  • pots, pewter plate, coconut and wicker fish basket
57
Q

What features were discovered in building five?

A

cistern, privy, and walls

58
Q

What did excavations of building four and five reveal? (2)

A
  • the building was rammed by a ship during the earthquake

- built in two stages, building four was tacked onto building five

59
Q

What were some of the most interesting artifacts recovered from Port Royal? (6)

A
  • slipware pot
  • delftware vase
  • Chinese imported porcelain: Blanc de Chin, Batavia
  • candlesticks and lamps
  • pewter, because of the presence of maker’s marks and ownership marks are particularly useful for identifying occupants of a building
  • three skeletons of children in building five

Historical Archaeology (18 decks)

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