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Historical Archaeology > British North America & Port Royal > Flashcards

British North America & Port Royal Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Ralph Lane’s 1585 expedition unsuccessful? (3)

A
  • lack of supplies
  • delayed shipment
  • poor relations with Secotan
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2
Q

What was the purpose of John White’s 1587 expedition? (4)

A
  • investigated previous colony
  • moved 50 miles upriver
  • went back to England for supplies
  • could only return to abandoned colony in 1590
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3
Q

Who founded Jamestown, and when?

A

founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company

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4
Q

What was Jamestown?

A

England’s first permanent settlement in America

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5
Q

Why did Jamestown struggle in the beginning? (3)

A
  • Powhatan
  • disease
  • famine
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6
Q

How many of the 1700 colonists to arrive between 1607-1617 were left in 1617?

A

351

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7
Q

What allowed the settlement to flourish in 1617?

A

tobacco farming

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8
Q

How did John Smith come to Jamestown?

A

accused of mutiny, arrived a prisoner

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9
Q

How did John Smith improve the Jamestown settlement? (2)

A
  • successful at trade with Powhatans

- helped the fort grow

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10
Q

What was John Smith’s motto as president of the colony council?

A

“he who does not work, neither shall he eat”

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11
Q

How did John Smith’s departure affect Jamestown?

A

left colony with fractured leadership

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12
Q

What led to the ‘starving time’ in Jamestown from 1609-10?

A
  • John Smith’s departure
  • lack of supplies
  • bad relations with Powhatan
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13
Q

What did the colonists resort to eating during the ‘starving time’? (2)

A
  • anything from shoe leather to butchered horses

- cannibalism

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14
Q

How did archaeologists confirm reports of cannibalism at Jamestown in 2012?

A

portions of the butchered skull and shinbone of a 14-year-old girl from England, dubbed “Jane” by researchers, were unearthed

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15
Q

What did John Rolfe bring to Jamestown in 1610?

A

Nicotiana tabacum seeds

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16
Q

What tobacco grew naturally in North America?

A

Nicotiana rustica, grown for a millenia in North America, was too bitter for European tastes

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17
Q

Who had the monopoly on Nicotiana tabacum at the time?

A

Spain

18
Q

Who was Pocahontas? (5)

A
  • daughter of Wahunsenacaw, chief of Powhatans
  • kidnapped, converted to Christianity
  • married English tobacco grower John Rolfe
  • took English name Rebecca, “mother of two peoples”
  • died in England, 1617 as “civilized savage”
19
Q

When and how did the first Africans arrive in North America? (2)

A
  • arrived in 1619

- result of the transatlantic slave trade

20
Q

How was archaeology at Jamestown initiated? (3)

A
  • 1994-present
  • once believed to be lost (underwater)
  • Dr. William Kelos and Dr. Ivor Noel Hume convinced it was just undiscovered
21
Q

How was Port Royal established? (8)

A
  • December 1664: Oliver Cromwell, Protector of England, launches an attack on Hispaniola to seize it from the Spanish
  • the attack fails, and what is left of the English fleet heads south to Jamaica and seizes the island instead
  • a sandbar extended from Kingston which allowed the English to set up a fort and defend the island
  • around the fort, Kingston develops as a city of seafarers and merchants, developing a strong reputation for prostitution
  • Port Royal became the most economically important port to England, especially since England legalized privateering in the 1660s
  • this ‘Buccaneer Period’ was supposed to end in the 1670s, but it was so profitable that the English turned a blind eye
  • Port Royal became the mercantile center of the English in the Caribbean, but became notoriously known as the ‘wickedest city in the world’
  • Port Royal was the largest English city in the New World by 1692, visited by 226 ships in 1688
22
Q

How was the Port Royal site formed? (3)

A
  • some sites such as the sunken town of Port Royal are so well-known they are never lost; there is an abundance of historic documents and maps
  • of course, the significant thing about Port Royal is that much of it sunk into Kingston Harbor during an earthquake on June 7, 1692, ca. 11:40 A.M.
  • 2,000 people were killed immediately, while 3,000 died due to subsequent injuries and disease
23
Q

What artifact suggests the exact time that the Port Royal disaster occurred?

A

the frozen hands of a recovered watch reveal details of everyday life in Port Royal in the 17th century

24
Q

Who excavated Port Royal for 10 years?

A

the Institute of Nautical Archaeology

25
Q

How many students worked at Port Royal?

A

more than 150

26
Q

How large is the Port Royal site?

A

18-mile-long sand spit

27
Q

What is a catastrophic site?

A

archaeological sites that are created in a matter of minutes, preserving in situ a wide array of artifactual material

28
Q

Who founded the INA?

A

George Bass, “Father of Nautical Archaeology”

29
Q

What project led to the founding of the INA?

A

excavated shipwreck in Turkey dating to 1200 BC

30
Q

What specialists were gathered to form the INA?

A

specialists in amphora, Mediterranean trade, and ship construction

31
Q

How did the INA end up at A&M?

A

originally pitching to a university in North Carolina, Texas A&M made Bass an offer he couldn’t refuse in 1976

32
Q

Why is conservation imperative to nautical archaeology?

A

water-logged items have to be dried out before they can be studied

33
Q

Who led conservation efforts for the INA by 1978?

A

Donny Hamilton

34
Q

When did A&M and the INA become partners?

A

1980

35
Q

What was one unique method used to conserve waterlogged wood at Port Royal? (3)

A
  • sugar
  • sugar acts as a natural preservative; works on wood as well
  • however, everyone likes to eat sugar, inviting insects
36
Q

Describe the excavations at Port Royal. (6)

A
  • shallow diving is conducted from a support barge and is done during three-hour or longer dives using HOOKA - air hose from the barge
  • dredges were also used to excavate - hose vacuums sediment away from the work area
  • air lifts used in previous excavations were not as effective in shallow water
  • excavated in 10ft square grid
  • great abundance of well-preserved artifacts, including a pipe shop
  • each excavated building becomes a chapter in the story of the daily life of the town
37
Q

What was the artifact distribution in Building One? (3)

A
  • rooms 1-2: cobbler
  • rooms 3-4: tavern
  • rooms 5-6: tobacco/pipe shop
38
Q

What artifacts and features were found in Building Five? (4)

A
  • earthenware pot in fallen doorway
  • 21 pewter plates in stairwell
  • cistern, privy, and walls
  • pots, pewter plate, coconut and wicker fish basket
39
Q

What followed the 10 year excavation at Port Royal?

A

detailed analyses of the thousands of recovered artifacts

40
Q

What did excavations reveal about Building Four/Five? (3)

A
  • the building was rammed by a ship during the earthquake
  • built in two stages, building four was tacked onto five
  • pattern of hearths and sharing of cisterns
41
Q

Describe the artifact analysis of Port Royal. (6)

A
  • slipware posset pot
  • delftware vase and drawing
  • Chinese export porcelain
  • lighting in a Port Royal house
  • pewter, because of the presence of maker’s marks and ownership marks are particularly useful for identifying occupants of a building; pewter is seldom found on land sites
  • three skeletons of children in Building Five

Historical Archaeology (18 decks)

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