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PSY2071 > The Foundation > Flashcards

The Foundation Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Representative sample

A

a group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population

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2
Q

Definition

a special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies

A

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

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3
Q

Dr. Kaplan, a scientist, wants to determine how being born premature might alter our genetic propensity to develop chronic disease. What is the field Dr. Kaplan is working in called?

A

Epigenetics

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4
Q

Definition

any perspective explaining why people act the way they do. They allow us to predict behaviour and also suggest how to intervene to improve behaviour

A

Theory

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5
Q

Define

Epigenetics

A

research field exploring how earl life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behaviour

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6
Q

Definition

the most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slanted eyes and stocky build

A

Down Syndrome

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7
Q

Definition

a cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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8
Q

Define

Behavioural genetics

A

field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behaviour

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9
Q

Define

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds

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10
Q

Define

Adoption study

A

behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents

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11
Q

Define

Self-efficacy

A

according to cognitive behaviourism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set

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12
Q

Definition

theory of worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviours play in human development and life

A

Evolutionary psychology

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13
Q

Define

Longitudinal study

A

a developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years

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14
Q

What stage is the baby the most vulnerable to teratogens?

A

Embryonic stage

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15
Q

Define

Twin study

A

behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people)

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16
Q

Definition

the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people

A

Evocative forces

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17
Q

True or False:

Women outlive men by at least 2 years in the developed world

A

True

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18
Q

Definition

societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success

A

Individualistic cultures

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19
Q

Define

Theory

A

any perspective explaining why people act the way they do. They allow us to predict behaviour and also suggest how to intervene to improve behaviour

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20
Q

Define

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

A

a special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies

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21
Q

Definition

behavioural term for reward

A

Reinforcement

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22
Q

Define

Evocative forces

A

the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people

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23
Q

Definition

theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species’ survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life

A

Attachment theory

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24
Q

Define

Attachment theory

A

theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species’ survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life

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25
Q

Define

Sensitive period

A

the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “on line”

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26
Q

Definition

a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires

A

Self-report strategy

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27
Q

Define

Bidirectionality

A

the crucial principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in bother directions

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28
Q

Definition

according to the traditional behavioural perspective, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Specifically, we act the way we do because we are reinforced for acting in that way

A

Operant conditioning

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29
Q

Definition

the original behavioural worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviours

A

Traditional behaviourism

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30
Q

Definition

a developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time

A

Cross-sectional study

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31
Q

One cause of birth defects is teratogens, toxins from the outside that exert their damage during the _______ period for the development of a particular body part

A

Sensitive

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32
Q

Socioeconomic status greatly affects our lifespan - with ______ people in each nation facing a harsher, more stressful, and shorter life

A

Poor

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33
Q

Which of the following suggestions involves providing the right person-environment fit?

a. Ricardo has low academic self-efficacy. Let’s improve his sense of competence at school
b. Ricardo, like other boys, is biologically programmed to run around. If the class had regular gym time, Ricardo’s ability to focus in class would improve
c. Ricardo is being reinforced for his behaviour by getting attention from the teacher and his classmates. Let’s reward appropriate classroom behaviour
d. Did you or your husband have trouble focusing at school? Perhaps your son’s difficulties are hereditary
e. Ricardo’s behaviour may have many causes, from genetics, to the reinforcers ar school, by growing up in our twenty-first century Internet age. Let’s use a variety of different approaches to help him
f. Ricardo is having trouble mastering the developmental task of industry. How can we promote the ability to work that is so important at this age?
g. By refusing to pay attention in class, Ricardo may be unconsciously acting out his anger at the birth of his baby sister Heloise

A

b. As Ricardo and other children need to run around, regular gym time would help to foster the best person-environment fit

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34
Q

Definition

a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds

A

Low birth weight (LBW)

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35
Q

Definition

a behavioural worldview that emphasises that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behaviour

A

Cognitive behaviourism (social learning theory)

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36
Q

Define

Very low birth weight (VLBW)

A

a body weight at birth of less than 3 1/4 pounds

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37
Q

Definition

field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behaviour

A

Behavioural genetics

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38
Q

Definition

the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions cause us to actively choose to put ourselves into specific environments

A

Active forces

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39
Q

Definition

societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement

A

Collectivist cultures

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40
Q

Definition

learning impairments and behavioural problems during infancy and childhood

A

Developmental disorders

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41
Q

Which group adopts a nature perspective, seeing actions and traits as programmed into our DNA?

A

Evolutionary psychologists

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42
Q

Define

Sex-linked single-gene disorder

A

an illness carried on the mother’s X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50-50 chance of striking each male child

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43
Q

Define

Nature

A

biological or genetic causes of development

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44
Q

Definition

research field exploring how earl life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behaviour

A

Epigenetics

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45
Q

Bill says, “Pregnancy and birth are very safe today.” George says, “Hey, you are very wrong!” Who is right?

a. Bill, because worldwide maternal mortality is now very low
b. George, because birth is still unsafe around the world
c. Both are partly correct: Birth is typically very safe in the developed world, but maternal and infant mortality remains unacceptably high in the poorest regions of the globe

A

c. While birth is very safe in the developed world, maternal and infant mortality remain serious problems in the least developed countries

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46
Q

Samantha, a behaviourist, is arguing for her worldview, while Sally is pointing up behaviourism flaws. First, take Samantha’s position, arguing for the virtues of behaviourism, and then discuss some limitations of the theory

A

Samantha might argue the behaviourism is an ideal approach to human development because it is simple, effective, and easy to carry out. Behaviourism’s easily mastered, action-oriented concepts - be consistent, reinforce positive behaviour, draw on principles of modeling, and stimulate efficacy feelings - can make dramatic improvements in the quality of life. Also, because behaviourism doesn’t blame the person but locate problems in the learning environment, it has a special appeal. Sally might argue that behaviourism’s premise that nurture is all-important neglects the powerful impact genetic forces have in determining who we are. So the theory is far too limited - offering a wronghearted view about development. We need the insights of attachment theory, evolutionary psychology, behavioural genetics, plus Piaget’s and Erikson’s theories to fully understand what motivates human beings

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47
Q

Which theory believed our adult personality is shaped by the way our parents treated us during the first five years of life?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

48
Q

Teratogen A caused limb malformations. Teratogen B caused developmental disorders. Teratogen A wreaked its damage during the _______ stage of prenatal development and was taken during the ________ trimester of pregnancy, while teratogen B probably did its damage during the ________ stage and was taken during the _________ trimester

A

Teratogen A most likely caused damage during the embryonic stage of development and was taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Teratogen B probably did its damage during the fetal stage and was taken during the second or third trimesters

49
Q

Definition

the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “on line”

A

Sensitive period

50
Q

Define

Operant conditioning

A

according to the traditional behavioural perspective, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Specifically, we act the way we do because we are reinforced for acting in that way

51
Q

Define

Person-environment fit

A

the extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal

52
Q

What effect does teratogen exposure during the second and third trimesters usually have?

A

Developmental disorders

53
Q

Baby David gets a two-minute Apgar score of 8; at five minutes, his score is 9. What does this mean?

A

Baby David is in excellent health

54
Q

Define

Recessive disorder

A

an illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

55
Q

Definition

behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents

A

Adoption study

56
Q

Define

Naturalistic observation

A

a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviours

57
Q

Define

Evolutionary psychology

A

theory of worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviours play in human development and life

58
Q

Definition

the crucial principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in bother directions

A

Bidirectionality

59
Q

Definition

a group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population

A

Representative sample

60
Q

Definition

a developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years

A

Longitudinal study

61
Q

Latasha gives birth to a child with Down syndrome, while Jennifer gives birth to a child with cystic fibrosis. Which woman should be more worried about having another child with that condition, and why?

A

Jennifer. Down syndrome is typically caused by an unlikely random event. With cystic fibrosis, that single-gene recessive disorder, the mum (in this case, Jennifer) has a 1-in-4 chance of giving birth to another child with that disease

62
Q

Ricardo, a third grader, is having trouble sitting still and paying attention in class, so Ricardo’s parents consult developmentalists about their son’s problem. Pick which comment might be made by: (1) a traditional behaviourist; (2) a cognitive behaviourist; (3) a Freudian theorist; (4) an evolutionary psychologist; (5) a behavioural geneticist; (6) an Eriksonian; (7) an advocate of developmental systems theory.

a. Ricardo has low academic self-efficacy. Let’s improve his sense of competence at school
b. Ricardo, like other boys, is biologically programmed to run around. If the class had regular gym time, Ricardo’s ability to focus in class would improve
c. Ricardo is being reinforced for his behaviour by getting attention from the teacher and his classmates. Let’s reward appropriate classroom behaviour
d. Did you or your husband have trouble focusing at school? Perhaps your son’s difficulties are hereditary
e. Ricardo’s behaviour may have many causes, from genetics, to the reinforcers ar school, by growing up in our twenty-first century Internet age. Let’s use a variety of different approaches to help him
f. Ricardo is having trouble mastering the developmental task of industry. How can we promote the ability to work that is so important at this age?
g. By refusing to pay attention in class, Ricardo may be unconsciously acting out his anger at the birth of his baby sister Heloise

A

(1) c
(2) a
(3) g
(4) b
(5) d
(6) f
(7) e

63
Q

Due to ______________ and _____________, we shape our environments to go along with our genetic tendencies, and human relationships are ___________ - our temperamental qualities and actions influence the others, just as their actions influence us.

A

Due to evocative and active forces, we shape our environments to go along with our genetic tendencies, and human relationships are bidirectional- our temperamental qualities and actions influence the others, just as their actions influence us.

64
Q

Define

Developing world

A

the more impoverished countries of the world

65
Q

Seto and Brandon’s mothers contracted Rubella during different weeks in their first trimester of pregnancy. Seto has heart problems; Brandon has hearing problems. Which teratogenic principle is illustrated here?

A

Teratogens exert damage during the sensitive period for the development of a particular organ

66
Q

Definition

an illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

A

Dominant disorder

67
Q

Define

Twin/adoption study

A

behavioural genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait

68
Q

Definition

behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people)

A

Twin study

69
Q

Define

Reinforcement

A

behavioural term for reward

70
Q

Define

Down Syndrome

A

the most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slanted eyes and stocky build

71
Q

Which theory draws on the psychoanalytical principle that parenting during early life (or our attachment relationships) determines later mental health, and also suggests that the attachment response is genetically built into our species to promote survival?

A

Attachment theory

72
Q

Define

Collectivist cultures

A

societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement

73
Q

Define

Traditional behaviourism

A

the original behavioural worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviours

74
Q

Definition

a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviours

A

Naturalistic observation

75
Q

Definition

death during the first year of life

A

Infant mortality

76
Q

Definition

an illness carried on the mother’s X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50-50 chance of striking each male child

A

Sex-linked single-gene disorder

77
Q

Define

Single-gene disorder

A

an illness caused by a single gene

78
Q

Define

Nurture

A

environmental causes of development

79
Q

Definition

the most affluent countries in the world

A

Developed world

80
Q

What are the main principles of teratogens?

A
  1. Teratogens are most likely to cause major structural damage during the embryonic stage
  2. Teratogens can affect the developing brain throughout pregnancy
  3. Teratogens have a threshold above which damage occurs
  4. Teratogens exert their damage unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities
81
Q

Definition

an illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

A

Recessive disorder

82
Q

Define

Self-report strategy

A

a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires

83
Q

Define

Cross-sectional study

A

a developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time

84
Q

Definition

a body weight at birth of less than 3 1/4 pounds

A

Very low birth weight (VLBW)

85
Q

Define

Modelling

A

learning by watching and imitating others

86
Q

Definition

a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth

A

Birth defect

87
Q

Definition

behavioural genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait

A

Twin/adoption study

88
Q

Definition

A quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate. muscle tone, respiration, reflex response and colour

A

Apgar score

89
Q

Define

Developed world

A

the most affluent countries in the world

90
Q

Define

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

a cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy

91
Q

Definition

a research strategy that involves two or more variables

A

Correlational study

92
Q

Definition

learning by watching and imitating others

A

Modelling

93
Q

Definition

the only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome

A

True experiment

94
Q

Define

Individualistic cultures

A

societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success

95
Q

Definition

a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus

A

Teratogen

96
Q

Define

Teratogen

A

a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus

97
Q

Definition

an illness caused by a single gene

A

Single-gene disorder

98
Q

According to cognitive behaviourism/social learning theory, modelling and self-efficacy - our internal sens that we can competently perform given tasks - predict what?

A

How we act

99
Q

Define

Birth defect

A

a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth

100
Q

Define

Dominant disorder

A

an illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder

101
Q

Define

Correlational study

A

a research strategy that involves two or more variables

102
Q

Define

Active forces

A

the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions cause us to actively choose to put ourselves into specific environments

103
Q

Define

Apgar score

A

A quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate. muscle tone, respiration, reflex response and colour

104
Q

Definition

according to cognitive behaviourism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set

A

Self-efficacy

105
Q

Definition

environmental causes of development

A

Nurture

106
Q

Define

True experiment

A

the only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome

107
Q

Define

Cognitive behaviourism (social learning theory)

A

a behavioural worldview that emphasises that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behaviour

108
Q

Define

Infant mortality

A

death during the first year of life

109
Q

Define

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

a basic marker referring to status on the education and - especially - income rungs

110
Q

Definition

the extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal

A

Person-environment fit

111
Q

Definition

the more impoverished countries of the world

A

Developing world

112
Q

Define

Developmental disorders

A

learning impairments and behavioural problems during infancy and childhood

113
Q

Definition

a basic marker referring to status on the education and - especially - income rungs

A

Socioeconomic status (SES)

114
Q

Definition

biological or genetic causes of development

A

Nature

115
Q

Rates of premature births have risen/declined due to assisted reproductive technology and low birth weight always causes serious problems/can produce problems/has no effects on later development

A

Rates of premature births have risen due to ART; and low birth weight can produce problems in later development

PSY2071 (13 decks)

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