The Foundation Flashcards
Define
Representative sample
a group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population
Definition
a special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
Dr. Kaplan, a scientist, wants to determine how being born premature might alter our genetic propensity to develop chronic disease. What is the field Dr. Kaplan is working in called?
Epigenetics
Definition
any perspective explaining why people act the way they do. They allow us to predict behaviour and also suggest how to intervene to improve behaviour
Theory
Define
Epigenetics
research field exploring how earl life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behaviour
Definition
the most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slanted eyes and stocky build
Down Syndrome
Definition
a cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Define
Behavioural genetics
field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behaviour
Define
Low birth weight (LBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds
Define
Adoption study
behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents
Define
Self-efficacy
according to cognitive behaviourism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set
Definition
theory of worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviours play in human development and life
Evolutionary psychology
Define
Longitudinal study
a developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years
What stage is the baby the most vulnerable to teratogens?
Embryonic stage
Define
Twin study
behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people)
Definition
the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people
Evocative forces
True or False:
Women outlive men by at least 2 years in the developed world
True
Definition
societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success
Individualistic cultures
Define
Theory
any perspective explaining why people act the way they do. They allow us to predict behaviour and also suggest how to intervene to improve behaviour
Define
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
a special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies
Definition
behavioural term for reward
Reinforcement
Define
Evocative forces
the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people
Definition
theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species’ survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life
Attachment theory
Define
Attachment theory
theory formulated by John Bowlby centering on the crucial importance to our species’ survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to a significant other during all of life
Define
Sensitive period
the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “on line”
Definition
a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires
Self-report strategy
Define
Bidirectionality
the crucial principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in bother directions
Definition
according to the traditional behavioural perspective, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Specifically, we act the way we do because we are reinforced for acting in that way
Operant conditioning
Definition
the original behavioural worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviours
Traditional behaviourism
Definition
a developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time
Cross-sectional study
One cause of birth defects is teratogens, toxins from the outside that exert their damage during the _______ period for the development of a particular body part
Sensitive
Socioeconomic status greatly affects our lifespan - with ______ people in each nation facing a harsher, more stressful, and shorter life
Poor
Which of the following suggestions involves providing the right person-environment fit?
a. Ricardo has low academic self-efficacy. Let’s improve his sense of competence at school
b. Ricardo, like other boys, is biologically programmed to run around. If the class had regular gym time, Ricardo’s ability to focus in class would improve
c. Ricardo is being reinforced for his behaviour by getting attention from the teacher and his classmates. Let’s reward appropriate classroom behaviour
d. Did you or your husband have trouble focusing at school? Perhaps your son’s difficulties are hereditary
e. Ricardo’s behaviour may have many causes, from genetics, to the reinforcers ar school, by growing up in our twenty-first century Internet age. Let’s use a variety of different approaches to help him
f. Ricardo is having trouble mastering the developmental task of industry. How can we promote the ability to work that is so important at this age?
g. By refusing to pay attention in class, Ricardo may be unconsciously acting out his anger at the birth of his baby sister Heloise
b. As Ricardo and other children need to run around, regular gym time would help to foster the best person-environment fit
Definition
a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds
Low birth weight (LBW)
Definition
a behavioural worldview that emphasises that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behaviour
Cognitive behaviourism (social learning theory)
Define
Very low birth weight (VLBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 3 1/4 pounds
Definition
field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behaviour
Behavioural genetics
Definition
the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions cause us to actively choose to put ourselves into specific environments
Active forces
Definition
societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement
Collectivist cultures
Definition
learning impairments and behavioural problems during infancy and childhood
Developmental disorders
Which group adopts a nature perspective, seeing actions and traits as programmed into our DNA?
Evolutionary psychologists
Define
Sex-linked single-gene disorder
an illness carried on the mother’s X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50-50 chance of striking each male child
Define
Nature
biological or genetic causes of development
Definition
research field exploring how earl life events alter the outer cover of our DNA, producing lifelong changes in health and behaviour
Epigenetics
Bill says, “Pregnancy and birth are very safe today.” George says, “Hey, you are very wrong!” Who is right?
a. Bill, because worldwide maternal mortality is now very low
b. George, because birth is still unsafe around the world
c. Both are partly correct: Birth is typically very safe in the developed world, but maternal and infant mortality remains unacceptably high in the poorest regions of the globe
c. While birth is very safe in the developed world, maternal and infant mortality remain serious problems in the least developed countries
Samantha, a behaviourist, is arguing for her worldview, while Sally is pointing up behaviourism flaws. First, take Samantha’s position, arguing for the virtues of behaviourism, and then discuss some limitations of the theory
Samantha might argue the behaviourism is an ideal approach to human development because it is simple, effective, and easy to carry out. Behaviourism’s easily mastered, action-oriented concepts - be consistent, reinforce positive behaviour, draw on principles of modeling, and stimulate efficacy feelings - can make dramatic improvements in the quality of life. Also, because behaviourism doesn’t blame the person but locate problems in the learning environment, it has a special appeal. Sally might argue that behaviourism’s premise that nurture is all-important neglects the powerful impact genetic forces have in determining who we are. So the theory is far too limited - offering a wronghearted view about development. We need the insights of attachment theory, evolutionary psychology, behavioural genetics, plus Piaget’s and Erikson’s theories to fully understand what motivates human beings
Which theory believed our adult personality is shaped by the way our parents treated us during the first five years of life?
Psychoanalytic theory
Teratogen A caused limb malformations. Teratogen B caused developmental disorders. Teratogen A wreaked its damage during the _______ stage of prenatal development and was taken during the ________ trimester of pregnancy, while teratogen B probably did its damage during the ________ stage and was taken during the _________ trimester
Teratogen A most likely caused damage during the embryonic stage of development and was taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Teratogen B probably did its damage during the fetal stage and was taken during the second or third trimesters
Definition
the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “on line”
Sensitive period
Define
Operant conditioning
according to the traditional behavioural perspective, the law of learning that determines any voluntary response. Specifically, we act the way we do because we are reinforced for acting in that way
Define
Person-environment fit
the extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal
What effect does teratogen exposure during the second and third trimesters usually have?
Developmental disorders
Baby David gets a two-minute Apgar score of 8; at five minutes, his score is 9. What does this mean?
Baby David is in excellent health
Define
Recessive disorder
an illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder
Definition
behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait, that involves comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents
Adoption study
Define
Naturalistic observation
a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviours
Define
Evolutionary psychology
theory of worldview highlighting the role that inborn, species-specific behaviours play in human development and life
Definition
the crucial principle that people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in bother directions
Bidirectionality
Definition
a group that reflects the characteristics of the overall population
Representative sample
Definition
a developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years
Longitudinal study
Latasha gives birth to a child with Down syndrome, while Jennifer gives birth to a child with cystic fibrosis. Which woman should be more worried about having another child with that condition, and why?
Jennifer. Down syndrome is typically caused by an unlikely random event. With cystic fibrosis, that single-gene recessive disorder, the mum (in this case, Jennifer) has a 1-in-4 chance of giving birth to another child with that disease
Ricardo, a third grader, is having trouble sitting still and paying attention in class, so Ricardo’s parents consult developmentalists about their son’s problem. Pick which comment might be made by: (1) a traditional behaviourist; (2) a cognitive behaviourist; (3) a Freudian theorist; (4) an evolutionary psychologist; (5) a behavioural geneticist; (6) an Eriksonian; (7) an advocate of developmental systems theory.
a. Ricardo has low academic self-efficacy. Let’s improve his sense of competence at school
b. Ricardo, like other boys, is biologically programmed to run around. If the class had regular gym time, Ricardo’s ability to focus in class would improve
c. Ricardo is being reinforced for his behaviour by getting attention from the teacher and his classmates. Let’s reward appropriate classroom behaviour
d. Did you or your husband have trouble focusing at school? Perhaps your son’s difficulties are hereditary
e. Ricardo’s behaviour may have many causes, from genetics, to the reinforcers ar school, by growing up in our twenty-first century Internet age. Let’s use a variety of different approaches to help him
f. Ricardo is having trouble mastering the developmental task of industry. How can we promote the ability to work that is so important at this age?
g. By refusing to pay attention in class, Ricardo may be unconsciously acting out his anger at the birth of his baby sister Heloise
(1) c
(2) a
(3) g
(4) b
(5) d
(6) f
(7) e
Due to ______________ and _____________, we shape our environments to go along with our genetic tendencies, and human relationships are ___________ - our temperamental qualities and actions influence the others, just as their actions influence us.
Due to evocative and active forces, we shape our environments to go along with our genetic tendencies, and human relationships are bidirectional- our temperamental qualities and actions influence the others, just as their actions influence us.
Define
Developing world
the more impoverished countries of the world
Seto and Brandon’s mothers contracted Rubella during different weeks in their first trimester of pregnancy. Seto has heart problems; Brandon has hearing problems. Which teratogenic principle is illustrated here?
Teratogens exert damage during the sensitive period for the development of a particular organ
Definition
an illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder
Dominant disorder
Define
Twin/adoption study
behavioural genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait
Definition
behavioural genetic research strategy, designed to determine the genetic contribution of a given trait, that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins (or with other people)
Twin study
Define
Reinforcement
behavioural term for reward
Define
Down Syndrome
the most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slanted eyes and stocky build
Which theory draws on the psychoanalytical principle that parenting during early life (or our attachment relationships) determines later mental health, and also suggests that the attachment response is genetically built into our species to promote survival?
Attachment theory
Define
Collectivist cultures
societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement
Define
Traditional behaviourism
the original behavioural worldview that focused on charting and modifying only “objective” visible behaviours
Definition
a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviours
Naturalistic observation
Definition
death during the first year of life
Infant mortality
Definition
an illness carried on the mother’s X chromosome, that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50-50 chance of striking each male child
Sex-linked single-gene disorder
Define
Single-gene disorder
an illness caused by a single gene
Define
Nurture
environmental causes of development
Definition
the most affluent countries in the world
Developed world
What are the main principles of teratogens?
- Teratogens are most likely to cause major structural damage during the embryonic stage
- Teratogens can affect the developing brain throughout pregnancy
- Teratogens have a threshold above which damage occurs
- Teratogens exert their damage unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities
Definition
an illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder
Recessive disorder
Define
Self-report strategy
a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires
Define
Cross-sectional study
a developmental research strategy that involves testing different age groups at the same time
Definition
a body weight at birth of less than 3 1/4 pounds
Very low birth weight (VLBW)
Define
Modelling
learning by watching and imitating others
Definition
a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth
Birth defect
Definition
behavioural genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait
Twin/adoption study
Definition
A quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate. muscle tone, respiration, reflex response and colour
Apgar score
Define
Developed world
the most affluent countries in the world
Define
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Definition
a research strategy that involves two or more variables
Correlational study
Definition
learning by watching and imitating others
Modelling
Definition
the only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome
True experiment
Define
Individualistic cultures
societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success
Definition
a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
Teratogen
Define
Teratogen
a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
Definition
an illness caused by a single gene
Single-gene disorder
According to cognitive behaviourism/social learning theory, modelling and self-efficacy - our internal sens that we can competently perform given tasks - predict what?
How we act
Define
Birth defect
a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth
Define
Dominant disorder
an illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder
Define
Correlational study
a research strategy that involves two or more variables
Define
Active forces
the nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions cause us to actively choose to put ourselves into specific environments
Define
Apgar score
A quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate. muscle tone, respiration, reflex response and colour
Definition
according to cognitive behaviourism, an internal belief in our competence that predicts whether we initiate activities or persist in the face of failures, and predicts the goals we set
Self-efficacy
Definition
environmental causes of development
Nurture
Define
True experiment
the only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome
Define
Cognitive behaviourism (social learning theory)
a behavioural worldview that emphasises that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about the reinforcers determine our behaviour
Define
Infant mortality
death during the first year of life
Define
Socioeconomic status (SES)
a basic marker referring to status on the education and - especially - income rungs
Definition
the extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal
Person-environment fit
Definition
the more impoverished countries of the world
Developing world
Define
Developmental disorders
learning impairments and behavioural problems during infancy and childhood
Definition
a basic marker referring to status on the education and - especially - income rungs
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Definition
biological or genetic causes of development
Nature
Rates of premature births have risen/declined due to assisted reproductive technology and low birth weight always causes serious problems/can produce problems/has no effects on later development
Rates of premature births have risen due to ART; and low birth weight can produce problems in later development
