Cross-Cultural Psychology Flashcards
Define
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD)
people from other cultures, or people who speak another language
Definition
the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas
Assimlation
Define
Ethinicity
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
Definition
The standard test to measure adult IQ, involving verbal and performance scales, each of which is made up of various subtests.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Define
Race
a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society
Definition
assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one
Acculturation
Define
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The standard test to measure adult IQ, involving verbal and performance scales, each of which is made up of various subtests.
Define
Mini-Mental State Examination
a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia
Definition
a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society
Race
Define
CVLT
one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests in North America. As an instrument, it represents a relatively new approach to clinical psychology and the cognitive science of memory. It measures of episodic verbal learning and memory, and demonstrates sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions
Define
Crossed aphasia
an acquired language impairment following a lesion in the right hemisphere in a right-handed individual
Define
Culture
the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society
Define
Assimlation
the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas
Definition
the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society
Culture
Definition
data from a reference population that establishes a baseline distribution for a score or measurement, and against which the score or measurement can be compared
Normative data
Definition
one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests in North America. As an instrument, it represents a relatively new approach to clinical psychology and the cognitive science of memory. It measures of episodic verbal learning and memory, and demonstrates sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions
CVLT
Define
Kimbery Indigenous Cognitive Assessment (KICA)
a culturally appropriate assessment tool of older Indigenous people with dementia and other health related issues developed and validated in a number of Indigenous communities in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Definition
people from other cultures, or people who speak another language
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD)
Define
Normative data
data from a reference population that establishes a baseline distribution for a score or measurement, and against which the score or measurement can be compared
Definition
specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway
Neuropsychological testing
Definition
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
Ethinicity
Definition
an acquired language impairment following a lesion in the right hemisphere in a right-handed individual
Crossed aphasia
Definition
a culturally appropriate assessment tool of older Indigenous people with dementia and other health related issues developed and validated in a number of Indigenous communities in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Kimbery Indigenous Cognitive Assessment (KICA)
Define
Neuropsychological testing
specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway
Define
Acculturation
assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one
Definition
a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia
Mini-Mental State Examination
__________: distinctive biological groups which have obvious differing physical (and cognitive?) characteristics
__________: groups within which people have a common nationality, religion, language or culture
__________: encompasses the entire practices, food, belief systems, daily rituals and practices of the ethnic groups
Race: distinctive biological groups which have obvious differing physical (and cognitive?) characteristics
Ethnicity: groups within which people have a common nationality, religion, language or culture
Culture: encompasses the entire practices, food, belief systems, daily rituals and practices of the ethnic groups
What diagnosis obstacles are faced for people from CALD backgrounds?
- Lack of accessible information
- Monoligual staff
- Restricted access to interpreters
- Culturallyy irrelevant treatment options
- Poor understanding of cross-cultural issues
What factors need to be considered to determine the psychology of people who have migrated to Australia?
- Why they left their country of origin
- How they got to Australia
- Legal status (refugee)
- Trauma experiences in the context of their country of origin or during migration to Australia
- Retraumatied due to detention in Australia
What are the four types of acculturation?
Traditional
Bicultural
Complete acculturation
Assimilaton
What is traditional acculturation?
Adhering completely to beliefs, values and behaviours of their country of origin
What is bicultural acculturation?
Having a mix of new and old beliefs, values and behaviours
What is acculturation?
Modifying their old beliefs, values and behaviours in an attempt to adjust
What is assimilation?
Completely giving up old beliefs, values and behaviours and adopted those of the new country
What can clinical interviewing establish?
- Development history
- Psychological history
- Medical history
- Substance use
What can psychometric testing establish?
- General intelligence (IQ)
- Memory assessment
- Achievement scale (reading, spelling)
- Personality
Why does the DSM need to be used with caution or not at all within CALD groups?
DSM was contructe within Western populations so some diagnoses may not translate across cultures leading to misdiagnosis
It is not uncommon for people from some cultures (particularly South-East Asian countries) to express psychological distress in what way?
Through somatic (physical) symptoms
List some of the most commonly used psychometric tests in English speaking countries:
- Weschler Scale of Adult (preschool/child) intelliegence
- Weschler Memory Scale (WMS)
- California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)
True or False:
Normative data does not currently exist for a range of commonly used psychometric tests for CALD groups
True
What nationalitys were used to establish the normative data for the WAIS?
Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic and Asian
Should someone with a Greek background be assessed with the WAIS?
Probably not, the normative data of this test did not consider people with a Greek background so the chance for misdiagnosis is high
What is the most commonly used cognitive screening tool?
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
The MMSE has poor sensitive to what?
- High education
- Adults aged 75+
- Non-English speaking backgrounds
- Low socioeconomic status
True or False:
The Mini-Mental State Examination is an excellent diagnostic tool
False
It is not diagnostic - it indicated possible impairment
True or False:
The MMSE is sensitive to culture
True
Are current measures appropriate for use within Austalia’s CALD community?
While research is lacking in Australia, studies from the USA and Europe have indicated that when assessing minority groups using existing measures:
Minority groups with low levels of education are 2-3 times more likely to be misclassified/misdiagnosed using measures such as the WAIS and WMS
What does the CVLT measure?
Encoding, recall and recognition
Is it appropriate for New Zealanders to complete the US CVLT?
No, New Zealanders perform significantly poorer on the US version compared to culturally relevant NZ version, despite both versions being in English
Why is level and quality of education a good indication of test taking outcomes?
Education and experience with testinf environments reinforces the way that we learn and how we perform on tests
Why did elderly Greek women not attend school?
Socioeconomic reasons as they were growing up in poverty striken agrarian society during and after WWII, in which going to school interfered with agrarian responsibilities and was often considered superfluous for girls under the circumstances
Why is test item bias important to consider?
Items in a test may not be familiar across cultures which is particularly relevant to naming tests, but also with verbal items in word lists, story recall etc.
What does the Kimberly Indigenous Cognitive Assessment (KICA) test and in what population?
Assesses dementia accurately in Indigenous Australians aged 45 years or above living in rural and remote areas
What tool would be used to assess dementia in elderly Indigenous Australians living in region and urban areas?
Modified KICA
- Questionairre adapted for people in between cultures
List two findings about aphasia in Chinese and Turkish patients
Chinese have higher rates of crossed aphasia than in Western cultures
Turkish stroke patients, non-telegraphic (fluent) speech reported in Broca’s aphasia
Which groups are at particular risk of misdiagnosis?
- Older CALD females that have lower levels of formal education and literacy
- Those whose environment limited education
- WWII
- Greek civil war
- Italian civil war
- Chinese elderly due to varying quality of education following establishment of Peoples Republic
- Middle Eastern refugees following war in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon
Summarise the study conducted by Nielsen and Jorgensen (2013)
Assessment of visuospatial function is an integral part of most neuropsychological assessments and is frequently assessed by visuoconstructional tests. A significant impact of limited schooling and illiteracy has been found on numerous neuropsychological tests and it can be difficult to interpret test results from illiterate individuals. In this study, quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance of elderly cognitively healthy illiterate and literate Turkish immigrants were compared on five commonly used visuoconstructional tests. Significantly poorer performances of illiterate compared to literate subjects were found in copying of twoand three-dimensional geometric designs, and in Clock Drawing Test performance. A systematic qualitative analysis found lacking three-dimensionality, “curved angles”, omissions, distorted relation between elements, and spatial disorganization to be common error types in illiterate subjects. Performances were not found to be influenced by duration of residence in Denmark or level of acculturation. The results warrant caution in the interpretation of visuoconstructional test performances in illiterate subjects, as they can easily be misinterpreted as signs of cognitive dysfunction.
Who conducted this study?
Assessment of visuospatial function is an integral part of most neuropsychological assessments and is frequently assessed by visuoconstructional tests. A significant impact of limited schooling and illiteracy has been found on numerous neuropsychological tests and it can be difficult to interpret test results from illiterate individuals. In this study, quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance of elderly cognitively healthy illiterate and literate Turkish immigrants were compared on five commonly used visuoconstructional tests. Significantly poorer performances of illiterate compared to literate subjects were found in copying of twoand three-dimensional geometric designs, and in Clock Drawing Test performance. A systematic qualitative analysis found lacking three-dimensionality, “curved angles”, omissions, distorted relation between elements, and spatial disorganization to be common error types in illiterate subjects. Performances were not found to be influenced by duration of residence in Denmark or level of acculturation. The results warrant caution in the interpretation of visuoconstructional test performances in illiterate subjects, as they can easily be misinterpreted as signs of cognitive dysfunction.
Nielsen and Jorgensen (2013)
