Childhood Flashcards
Definition
The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Definition
Any hostile or destructive act.
Aggression
The prevalence of obesity is _____ during preschool. (rising/leveling off/declining)
The prevalence of obesity is declining during preschool.
Definition
A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal.
Proactive aggression
What is theory of mind and when does it emerge?
The cognitive capacity to understand that others have different perspectives and beliefs from theirs that emerges around 4 years old
What aspects of egocentrism are developing during childhood?
The ability to take others’ perspectives
Understanding that others think
Definition
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the preoperational child’s tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account.
Centering
Define
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests.
You are telling a friend about the deficiencies of relying on a child’s IQ score. Pick out the two arguments you might make.
a) The tests are not reliable; children’s scores typically change a lot during the elementary school years.
b) The tests are not valid predictors of school performance.
c) As people have different abilities, a single IQ score may not tell us much about a child’s unique gifts.
d) As poor children are at a disadvantage in taking the test, you should not use the IQ scores as an index of “genetic school-related talents” for low-income children.
c and d
In a sentence, explain the basic mental difference between an 8-year-old in the concrete operational stage and a preoperational 4-year-old.
Children in concrete operations can step back from their current perceptions and think conceptually, while preoperational children can’t go beyond how things immediately appear.
Define
Decentering
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the concrete operational child’s ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance.
What does language allow preschoolers to do?
- Represent actions symbolically
- Think beyond present to future
- Consider several possibilities at a time
Define
Learned helplessness
A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and gives up without trying.
Definition
Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to determine whether children can go beyond the way that substance’s visually appearance and understand that the volume is retained
Conservation tasks
Definition
Measures that evaluate a child’s knowledge in specific school-related areas.
Achievement tests
Define
Self-awareness
The ability to observe our actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.
Definition
A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in to memory.
Rehearsal
Define
Dyslexia
A learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.
Define
Authoritative parents
In the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules.
A teacher wants to intervene with a student who has been teasing a classmate. Identify which statement is guilt-producing, which is shame-producing, and which involves the use of induction. Then, name which response(s) would promote prosocial behavior.
a) “Think of how bad Johnny must feel.”
b) “If that’s how you act, you can sit by yourself. You’re not nice enough to be with the other kids.”
c) “I’m disappointed in you. You are usually such a good kid.”
a = induction; good for promoting prosocial behavior; b = shame; bad strategy; and c = guilt; good for promoting prosocial behavior
What are the key concepts of language during childhood?
Syntax - ways in which children combine words and phrases to form sentences
Pragmatics - aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately
Private speech
Social speech
Definition
Evaluating oneself as either “good” or “bad” as a result of comparing the self to other people.
Self-esteem
Definition
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s belief that human beings make everything in nature.
Artificialism
What happens to inhibition across childhood?
It greatly increases
What are the two types of motivated aggression?
Proactive aggression
Reactive aggression
Definition
In Piaget’s framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult way.
Concrete operational thinking
Definition
A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person’s relationships.
Relational aggression
Definition
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the concrete operational child’s ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance.
Decentering
Define
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
In Vygotsky’s theory, the gap between a child’s ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person.
What are examples of motor skill milestones seen at age 4?
- Cuts paper, approximates circle
- Walks down stairs, alternating feet
- Catches and controls a large bounced ball across the body
Define
Preoperational thinking
In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually.
Melanie is a toddler. In predicting her chance of later weight struggles, you might look to (pick right alternative): Melanie’s mom’s weight; whether Melanie was born premature; Melanie’s weight again during the past year; all of these forces.
All of these forces predict later overweight.
Definition
In the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules.
Authoritative parents
Definition
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s inability to grasp that a person’s core “self” stays the same despite changes in external appearance.
Identity constacy
Definition
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view from their own.
Egocentrism
Jessica has terrific gross motor skills but trouble with fine motor skills. Select the two sports from this list that Jessica would be most likely to excel at: long-distance running, tennis, water ballet, the high jump, bowling.
Long-distance running and the high jump would be ideal for Jessica, as these sports heavily tap into gross motor skills.
What happens to the corpus callosum during childhood?
It becomes thicker
Mario, a fourth grader, feels that everyone is out to get him. Give the name for Mario’s negative worldview.
Mario has a hostile attributional bias.
What are the applications of Vygotsky’s theory?
Children are seen as active participants in their education
You interviewed a 4-year-old and a fourth grader for your class project in lifespan development, but mixed up your interview notes. Which statement was made by the 4-year-old?
“My friend Megan is better at math than me.”
“Sometimes I get mad at my friends, but maybe it’s because I’m too stubborn.”
“I have a cat named Kit, and I’m the smartest girl in the world.”
“I have a cat named Kit, and I’m the smartest girl in the world.”
Definition
In Piaget’s theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually.
Preoperational thinking
The best age to intervene to prevent obesity is: (a) birth–age 1; (b) age 3–4; (c) the teenage years (choose a, b, or c).
The best age to intervene to prevent obesity is birth age 1.
Alyssa wants to replace Brianna as Chloe’s best friend, so she spreads horrible rumors about Brianna. Brianna overhears Alyssa dissing her and starts slapping Alyssa. Of the four types of aggression discussed in this section—direct, proactive, reactive, relational—which two describe Alyssa’s behavior, and which two fit Brianna’s actions?
Alyssa = proactive, relational. Brianna = direct, reactive
Cotonia tells you that children need to be taught to be caring and helpful. Calista disagrees, saying that the impulse to be prosocial is built into human nature. In a sentence or two explain why both statements are correct.
Calista is right that the impulse to be prosocial seems biologically built in, as toddlers get joy from spontaneously performing helpful acts. Cotonia is correct, however, that adults need to nurture this behavior by modeling caring acts, being sensitive to a child’s emotions, defining the child as good, and using induction.
What are the two personality styles regarding emotion regulation?
Externalising tendencies
Internalising tendencies
Define
Aggression
Any hostile or destructive act.
Define
Rejecting-neglecting parents
In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love.
Definition
The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.
Specific learning disorder
Definition
The area at the uppermost front of the brain responsible for reasoning and planning our actions.
Frontal lobes
Define
Scaffolding
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child’s zone of proximal development and tailoring one’s efforts to that person’s competence level.
Definition
A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.
Internalising tendencies
If you learn that a colleague was in an accident and has frontal-lobe damage, what impairments might you expect?
This is a disaster! Your colleague might have trouble with everything from regulating his physical responses, to analyzing problems, to inhibiting his actions.
Define
Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points of view from their own.
Define
Early childhood
The first phase of childhood, lasting from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 5.
Definition
A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.
Selective attention
Define
Working memory
In information-processing theory, the limited‑capacity gateway system containing all of the material that we can keep in awareness at a single moment. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.
Define
Reactive aggression
A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.
Definition
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child’s zone of proximal development and tailoring one’s efforts to that person’s competence level.
Scaffolding
What are the differences between Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
