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PSY2071 > Infancy > Flashcards

Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

A baby’s frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life caused by an immature nervous system.

A

Colic

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2
Q

What is syntax?

A

Ways in which children combine words and phrases to form sentences

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3
Q

Define

Kangaroo care

A

Carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver’s body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant.

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4
Q

Centration, conservation, transformation, egocentrism and intuitive thought are all developed during which stage of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development?

A

Preoperational stage

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5
Q

Define

Insecure attachment

A

Deviation from the normally joyful response of being united with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver–child relationship.

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6
Q

Definition

The alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words.

A

Babbling

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7
Q

Definition

Deviation from the normally joyful response of being united with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver–child relationship.

A

Insecure attachment

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8
Q

Define

Babbling

A

The alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words.

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9
Q

Define

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Chomsky’s term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.

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10
Q

Baby Sara watches her big brother hit the dog. Based on the research in this section, Sara might first understand her brother is being “mean” (choose one) months before/at/months after age 1.

A

Baby Sara should pick up this idea months before age 1.

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11
Q

Definition

The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age.

A

Social smile

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12
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby’s first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.

A

Secondary circular reactions

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13
Q

Define

Tertiary circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, “little-scientist” activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects.

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14
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

Carried out indirectly through damaging or destroying the victim’s relationships

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15
Q

At what age does separation anxiety start to occur?

A

7-8 months

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16
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body.

A

Primary circular reactions

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17
Q

Baby Ginny is 4 months old; baby Jamal is about 7 months old; baby Sam is 1 year old; baby David is 2 years old. Identify each child’s probable language stage by choosing from the following items: babbling; cooing; telegraphic speech; holophrases.

A

Baby Ginny is cooing; baby Jamal is babbling; baby Sam is speaking in holophrases (one-word stage); and baby David is using telegraphic speech.

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18
Q

Definition

The simplified, exaggerated, highpitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language.

A

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

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19
Q

List an example of “proximity-seeking in distress” in your own life within the past few months.

A

Your responses will differ, but any example you give, such as “I called Mom when that terrible thing happened at work,” should show that in a stressful situation your immediate impulse was to contact your attachment figure.

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20
Q

What are the four types of aggression?

A

Motivation:

  • Proactive
  • Reactive

Form

  • Direct
  • Relational
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21
Q

When do primary circular reactions develop?

A

Months 1 to 4

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22
Q

What factors influence physical development?

A

Nutrition

Disease

Genetics

Stress

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23
Q

What are the two personality styles during childhood?

A

Externalising tendencies

Internalising tendencies

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24
Q

Define

Axon

A

A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

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25
Q

Define

Social smile

A

The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age.

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26
Q

What causes colic?

A

An immature nervous system that is easily overwhelmed by stimuli

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27
Q

Define

Strange situation

A

Mary Ainsworth’s procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving planned separations and reunions with a caregiver.

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28
Q

Define

Secondary circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby’s first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.

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29
Q

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

A

A concept of Vygotsky’s theory that states that there are a range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner

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30
Q

True or False:

There is a relationship between childhood nutrition and self-confidence

A

True

Children who received higher levels of nutrients felt more self-confident than those whose nutritional intake was lower

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31
Q

What biological factors influence fine motor development during childhood?

A

Growth spurts in myelination

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32
Q

What are examples of tertiary circular reactions?

A

Exploring the various dimensions of a toy

Throwing a bottle off the high chair in different directions

Putting different kinds of food in the computer

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33
Q

Define

Primary circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body.

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34
Q

Which child is more likely to be aggressive, one with internalising tendences or one with externalising?

A

Externalising tendencies

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35
Q

What is the most effective method at calming babies in the first days of life?

A

Continuous human touch

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36
Q

Muriel is 1 month old, Janine is 5 months old, Ted is 1 year old, and Tania is age 3. List each child’s phase of attachment.

A

Muriel = preattachment; Janine = attachment in the making; Ted = clear-cut attachment: Tania = working model.

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37
Q

Define

Primary attachment figure

A

The closest person in a child’s or adult’s life.

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38
Q

Definition

A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous “skin to skin” contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.

A

Attachment parenting

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39
Q

Define

Secure attachment

A

Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being united with a primary caregiver; in adulthood, the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships.

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40
Q

What attachment phase are babies in during the first 3 months of life?

A

Preattachment phase

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41
Q

Define

Separation anxiety

A

Signal of clear-cut attachment when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs.

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42
Q

What happens to the corpus callosum during childhood?

A

It becomes thicker

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43
Q

What is reciprocal teaching?

A

A concept of Vygotsky’s theory involving instructional activity that takes place through dialogue between teachers and students about a topic. Teacher and student take turns being the “teacher” in leading the dialogue

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44
Q

What is private speech?

A

Speech that is spoken and directed to self

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45
Q

Define

REM sleep

A

The phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. REM sleep decreases as infants mature.

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46
Q

Definition

Mary Ainsworth’s procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving planned separations and reunions with a caregiver.

A

Strange situation

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47
Q

When does the sensorimotor stage end?

A

It ends with the development of language (at around 2)

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48
Q

What is conservation?

A

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

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49
Q

What is the downside of swaddling?

A

It limits skin-to-skin contact between caregiver and child

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50
Q

When do secondary circular reactions appear?

A

At around 4 months of age

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51
Q

What areas do children draw on to determine self-esteem?

A
  • Scholastic competence
  • Behavioural conduct
  • Athletic skills
  • Peer likeability
  • Physical appearance
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52
Q

Definition

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.

A

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

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53
Q

Define

Means-end behaviour

A

In Piaget’s framework, performing a different action to achieve a goal—an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1.

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54
Q

At what age does social smiles occur?

A

2 months

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55
Q

Jose, while an avid Piaget fan, has to admit that in important ways, this master theorist was wrong. Jose can legitimately make which two criticisms? (1) Cognition develops gradually, not in stages; (2) Infants understand human motivations; (3) Babies understand the basic properties of objects at birth

A

Cognition develops gradually rather than in distinct stages; infants understand human motivations.

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56
Q

Definition

Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being united with a primary caregiver; in adulthood, the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships.

A

Secure attachment

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57
Q

Define

Synapse

A

The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.

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58
Q

What did Vygotsky propose in his Sociocultural theory?

A

Infants are born with a few elementary mental functions (attention, sensation, perception and memory) that are eventually transformed by the culture into new and more sophisticated mental processes that he called higher mental functions.

Cognition is the results of social interactions in which the children learn through guided participation

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59
Q

By what age does object permanence fully emerge?

A

2 years

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60
Q

Define

Clear-cut attachment

A

Critical human attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and needing a primary caregiver close.

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61
Q

What are examples of primary circular reactions?

A

Sucking toes/thumb

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62
Q

Definition

The standard Western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment.

A

Swaddling

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63
Q

What method is used to measure childhood obesity levels?

A

BMI

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64
Q

How does language mechanics change during middle childhood?

A
  • Vocabulary continues to increase
  • Mastery of grammar improves
  • Understanding of syntax grows
  • Certain phonemes remain troublesome
  • Decoding difficulties when dependent on intonation
  • More competence in pragmatics
  • Increase in meta-linguistic awareness
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65
Q

Define

Synchrony

A

The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way.

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66
Q

What are the differences between Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A
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67
Q

During what stage is object permanence developed?

A

Sensorimotor stage

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68
Q

Define

Disorganised attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by responses such as freezing or fear when a child is reunited with the primary caregiver in the Strange Situation.

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69
Q

What are the three insecure attachment types seen in infants?

A

Avoidant

Anxious-ambivalent

Disorganised

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70
Q

What are the pros of Vygotsky’s theory?

A
  • Increasingly influential in the last decade
  • Growing body of research on the importance of social interaction in promoting cognitive development
  • Growing body of multicultural and cross-cultural research
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71
Q

By what age can babies can simultaneously employ two circular reactions, using both grasping and kicking together to explore the world?

A

8 months

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72
Q

What areas of intuitive thought are developed during childhood?

A
  • Use of primitive reasoning
  • Assertiveness regarding knowledge, but unable to support the argument
  • Slowly certain qualities prepare children for more sophisticated forms of reasoning
  • Begin to understand the notion of functionality
    • Actions, events and outcomes are related to each other in fixed patterns
  • Begin to show an awareness of the concept of identity
    • Certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size and appearance
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73
Q

Define

Object permanence

A

In Piaget’s framework, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, which gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage.

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74
Q

Define

Little-scientist phase

A

The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like “scientists.’

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75
Q

At what age does an infant enter the transitional period called attachment in the making?

A

4 moths

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76
Q

Definition

A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

A

Axon

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77
Q

Definition

The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like “scientists.’

A

Little-scientist phase

78
Q

What are the major criticisms of Piaget’s insights into cognitive development?

A
  • Infants grasp the basics of physical reality well before age 1.
  • Infants’ understanding of physical reality develops gradually
79
Q

Define

Stranger anxiety

A

Beginning at about 7 months of age, when a baby grows wary of people other than a primary caregiver.

80
Q

Define

Myelination

A

Formation of a fatty layer, encasing the axons of neurons. This process, which speeds the transmission of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood.

81
Q

Define

Avoidant attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after separation.

82
Q
A
83
Q

Definition

The phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. REM sleep decreases as infants mature.

A

REM sleep

84
Q

Define

Holophrase

A

First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.

85
Q

What is decentering?

A

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

86
Q

Definition

Second phase of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver.

A

Attachment in the making

87
Q

Define

Synaptogenesis

A

Forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. This process, responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts, is most intense during infancy and childhood but continues throughout life.

88
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

Aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately

89
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, performing a different action to achieve a goal—an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1.

A

Means-end behaviour

90
Q

What are examples of secondary circular reactions?

A

Grabbing for toys

Batting mobiles

Pushing one’s body to activates the lights and sounds on a swing

91
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

A concept of Vygotsky’s theory that states that the expert carefully tailors their support to the novice learner to assure their understanding. It supports learning and problem-solving that encourages independence and growth

92
Q

What is the most important sign of emerging reasoning?

A

Mean-end behaviour

93
Q

Definition

First stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words.

A

Telegraphic speech

94
Q

Definition

Beginning at about 7 months of age, when a baby grows wary of people other than a primary caregiver.

A

Stranger anxiety

95
Q

What are the 8 stages of identity formation?

A
96
Q

Definition

First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought.

A

Holophrase

97
Q

When do tertiary circular reactions appear?

A

1 year old

98
Q

Definition

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after separation.

A

Avoidant attachment

99
Q

Definition

Malleable, or capable of being changed (used to refer to neural or cognitive development).

A

Plastic

100
Q

Define

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies’ agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.

101
Q

“We learn to speak by getting reinforced for saying what we want.” “We are biologically programmed to learn language.” “Babies are passionate to communicate.” Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in each of these statements: Skinner’s operant conditioning perspective; Chomsky’s language acquisition device; a social-interactionist perspective on language.

A

The idea that we learn language by getting reinforced reflects Skinner’s operant conditioning perspective; Chomsky hypothesized that we are biologically programmed to acquire language; the social-interactionist perspective emphasizes the fact that babies and adults have a passion to communicate.

102
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, “little-scientist” activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects.

A

Tertiary circular reactions

103
Q

Define

Telegraphic speech

A

First stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words.

104
Q

What stage of Piagets approach to cognitive development is characterised by symbolic thinking?

A

Preoperational stage

105
Q

What is social speech?

A

Speech directed to others and meant to be understood by that person

106
Q

According to a preschooler, which of these lines contains more buttons?

A

Lower row because it looks longer

107
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, which gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage.

A

Object permanence

108
Q

Definition

The hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals.

A

Oxytocin

109
Q

Define

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A

The simplified, exaggerated, highpitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language.

110
Q

Define

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses

111
Q

Jasmine is adopting a 2-year-old from an orphanage in Haiti. List a few child issues Jasmine might have to deal with, and then give Jasmine a piece of good attachment news.

A

Caution Jasmine that her child may show problems with attention and indiscriminant friendliness and, if Jasmine is adopting a boy, have special difficulties developing a secure attachment. However, you can also say these problems should improve with loving care.

112
Q

Definition

Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.

A

Proximity-seeking behaviour

113
Q

When does a babies need to be physically close to a caregiver begin to end?

A

About age 3

114
Q

Definition

The important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly 1 year to 2 1/2 years of age; defined by an intense attachment to caregivers and an urgent need to become independent.

A

Toddlerhood

115
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

Acts that occur in response to being frusterated or hurt

116
Q

Definition

The first phase of John Bowlby’s developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.

A

Preattachment phase

117
Q

Definition

An insecure attachment style characterized by responses such as freezing or fear when a child is reunited with the primary caregiver in the Strange Situation.

A

Disorganised attachment

118
Q

A friend makes fun of adults who use baby talk. Given the information in this section, is her teasing justified?

A

No, your friend is wrong!!! Baby talk—or in developmental science terms, infant-directed speech (IDS)—helps promote early language.

119
Q

Define

Attachment in the making

A

Second phase of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver.

120
Q

Definition

Signal of clear-cut attachment when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs.

A

Separation anxiety

121
Q

At what ages does babbling emerge?

A

6 months

122
Q

What is concrete operation stage characterized by?

A

Active and appropriate use of logic

123
Q

What is direct aggression?

A

Everyone can see it

124
Q

How does language promote self-control?

A
  • Helps school-age children control and regulate behaviour
  • “Self-talk” used to help regulate behaviour
  • Effectiveness of self-control grows as linguistic capabilities increase
125
Q

Define

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.

126
Q

What are the cons of Vygotsky’s theory?

A
  • Lack of precision in conceptualization of cognitive growth
  • Lack of detail on how attention and memory develop and how children’s natural cognitive capabilities unfold
127
Q

Definition

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies’ agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.

A

Sensorimotor stage

128
Q

Why is symbolic thinking important?

A

It is important for increasingly sophisticated use of language

129
Q

Define

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world.

130
Q

True or False:

Babies never sleep continuously through the night

A

True

By about 6 months of age, many have the skill to become self-soothing. They put themselves back to sleep when they wake up

131
Q

Define

Attachment

A

The powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two individuals).

132
Q

Definition

In Bowlby’s theory, the mental representation of a caregiver allowing children over age 3 to be physically apart from that primary attachment figure.

A

Working model

133
Q

Definition

A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer.

A

Information-processing approach

134
Q

Definition

The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way.

A

Synchrony

135
Q

Define

A-not-B error

A

In Piaget’s framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in different place.

136
Q

What is symbolic thinking?

A

The ability to use symbols, words or objects to represent something that is not physically present

137
Q

How do you measure inhibition?

A

Perform an action that contradicts immediate tendencies

138
Q

What is reversability?

A

Understanding the process of transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning back to it original form

139
Q

Define

Plastic

A

Malleable, or capable of being changed (used to refer to neural or cognitive development).

140
Q

At what ages does cooing begin?

A

2 months

141
Q

Definition

The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.

A

Grammar

142
Q

Define

Social-interactionist perspective

A

An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.

143
Q

Your cousin is the primary caregiver of her 1-year-old son. On a recent visit to her house, you notice that the baby shows no emotion when his mother leaves the room, and—more important—seems indifferent when she returns. How might you classify this child’s attachment?

A

The child has an avoidant attachment.

144
Q

Definition

Critical human attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and needing a primary caregiver close.

A

Clear-cut attachment

145
Q

Definition

Chomsky’s term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.

A

Language acquisition device (LAD)

146
Q

Definition

The powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two individuals).

A

Attachment

147
Q

Definition

Forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. This process, responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts, is most intense during infancy and childhood but continues throughout life.

A

Synaptogenesis

148
Q

Define

Working model

A

In Bowlby’s theory, the mental representation of a caregiver allowing children over age 3 to be physically apart from that primary attachment figure.

149
Q

What is cooperative learning?

A

A concept of Vygotsky’s theory involving small groups of student, with different levels of ability, using learning activities to improve their understanding of a topic

150
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in different place.

A

A-not-B error

151
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Executive functions such as thinking, planning, organizing, and problem-solving, emotions, behavioural control and personality

152
Q

Definition

A baby’s checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment.

A

Social referencing

153
Q

Definition

An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate.

A

Social-interactionist perspective

154
Q

At what age doe telegraphic speech (“me juice”) begin?

A

18 months

155
Q

Define

Proximity-seeking behaviour

A

Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.

156
Q

Define

Self-soothing

A

Children’s ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.

157
Q

You are working at a child-care center, and you notice Darien repeatedly opening and closing a cabinet door. Then Jai comes over and pulls open the door. You decide to latch it. Jai—undeterred—pulls on the door and, when it doesn’t open, begins jiggling the latch. And then he looks up, very pleased, as he manages to figure out how to open the latch. Finally, you give up and decide to play a game with Sam. You hide a stuffed bear in a toy box while Sam watches. Then Sam throws open the lid of the box and scoops out the bear. Link the appropriate Piagetian term to each child’s behavior: circular reaction; object permanence; means–end behavior.

A

Circular reaction = Darien; means–end behavior = Jai; object permanence = Sam.

158
Q

What are the different stores information passes through to form a memory according to the Information Processing approach?

A
  1. Sensory store
  2. Working memory store
  3. Long-term store
159
Q

Definition

The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses

A

Cerebral cortex

160
Q

Define

Grammar

A

The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.

161
Q

What stage of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development is someone aged 8-12 years likely to be in?

A

Concrete operational

162
Q

Definition

A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.

A

Dendrite

163
Q

Definition

Carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver’s body. This technique is most useful for soothing an infant.

A

Kangaroo care

164
Q

What factors influence childhood obesity?

A

Social factors - reduced time to prepare nutritious meals, increased portion sizes, easy access to low lost calories dense foods (i.e. junk food)

Technology - reduced exercise?

Epigenetics

165
Q

Define

Toddlerhood

A

The important transitional stage after babyhood, from roughly 1 year to 2 1/2 years of age; defined by an intense attachment to caregivers and an urgent need to become independent.

166
Q

Define

Social referencing

A

A baby’s checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment.

167
Q

What are the key concepts involved in language development during childhood?

A

Syntax

Pragmatics

Private speech

Social speech

168
Q

Match term to the correct definition: (1) social referencing; (2) working model; (3) synchrony; (4) Strange Situation.

a) A researcher measures a child’s attachment at age 1 in a series of separations and reunions with the mother.
b) A toddler keeps looking back at the parent while exploring at a playground.
c) An elementary school child keeps an image of her parent in mind to calm herself when she gets on the school bus in the morning.
d) A mother and baby relate to each other as if they are totally in tune.

A

(1) b; (2) c; (3) d; (4) a

169
Q

What stage of Piaget’s approach to cognitive development are 2-7 year olds usually in?

A

Preoperational stage

170
Q

Define

Attachment parenting

A

A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous “skin to skin” contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.

171
Q

Definition

The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.

A

Synapse

172
Q

At what age does holophrases (such as “ja” for juice) begin?

A

12 months

173
Q

What are the key concepts of Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Zone of proximal development

Scaffolding

Cooperative learning

Reciprocal teaching

174
Q

Definition

Children’s ability, usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night.

A

Self-soothing

175
Q

Define

Preattachment phase

A

The first phase of John Bowlby’s developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.

176
Q

Define

Dendrite

A

A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.

177
Q

Definition

Formation of a fatty layer, encasing the axons of neurons. This process, which speeds the transmission of neural impulses, continues from birth to early adulthood.

A

Myelination

178
Q

By what age do children stop making the A-not-B error?

A

1 year

179
Q

Manuel is arguing for the validity of attachment theory as spelled out by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Manuel should say (pick one, neither, or both): Infants around the world get attached to a primary caregiver at roughly the same age/a child’s attachment status as of age 1 never changes.

A

Manuel should say: Infants around the world get attached to a primary caregiver at roughly the same age.

180
Q

Define

Swaddling

A

The standard Western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment.

181
Q

Define

Circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage.

182
Q

Define

Colic

A

A baby’s frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life caused by an immature nervous system.

183
Q

Definition

A person’s characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world.

A

Temperament

184
Q

Definition

In Piaget’s framework, repetitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage.

A

Circular reactions

185
Q

Reversibility and decentering are developed during which phase of Piaget’s model?

A

Concrete operational

186
Q

What is centration?

A

Being able to concentration on one aspect of an object/situation (obvious elements in sight) while ignoring others

187
Q

Definition

The closest person in a child’s or adult’s life.

A

Primary attachment figure

188
Q

Define

Oxytocin

A

The hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals.

189
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

Acts that are actively instigated to achieve a goal

190
Q

Define

Information-processing approach

A

A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer.

PSY2071 (13 decks)

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