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PSY2071 > Adolescent Development, Drug-use and Addiction > Flashcards

Adolescent Development, Drug-use and Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Addiction

A

An uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as alcohol or another drug

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2
Q

Define

Cravings

A

a powerful desire for something

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3
Q

Define

Dependence

A

an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions

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4
Q

Define

Dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex

A

an area in the prefrontal cortex of the brain of humans and non-human primates. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts until adulthood and is involved in executive functions such as planning and inhibition

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5
Q

Define

Polygenic

A

one of a group of nonallelic genes that together control a quantitative characteristic in an organism

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6
Q

Define

Temperament

A

a person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour

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7
Q

Define

Withdrawal

A

the unpleasant physical and mental effects that result when you stop doing or taking something, especially a drug, that has become a habit

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8
Q

Definition

An uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as alcohol or another drug

A

Addiction

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9
Q

Definition

a powerful desire for something

A

Cravings

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10
Q

Definition

an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions

A

Dependence

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11
Q

Definition

an area in the prefrontal cortex of the brain of humans and non-human primates. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts until adulthood and is involved in executive functions such as planning and inhibition

A

Dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex

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12
Q

Definition

one of a group of nonallelic genes that together control a quantitative characteristic in an organism

A

Polygenic

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13
Q

Definition

a person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour

A

Temperament

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14
Q

Definition

the unpleasant physical and mental effects that result when you stop doing or taking something, especially a drug, that has become a habit

A

Withdrawal

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of addiction?

A

Withdrawal

Negative social effects

Cravings (pathological)

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16
Q

Which areas of the brain are progressively effected with increasing drug use?

A

Mesolimbic DA → Nucleus accumbens → Dorsal striatum → Prefrontal systems → Extended amygdala

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17
Q

Neuroplasticity in which region is associated with the greatest loss of control?

A

Extended amygdala

18
Q

Neuroplasticity in which region is associated with reward motivation?

A

Mesolimbic DA

Nucleus accumbens

19
Q

Neuroplasticity in which region is associated with habits?

A

Dorsal striatum

20
Q

Neuroplasticity in which region is associated with control?

A

Prefrontal systems

21
Q

Neuroplasticity in which region is associated with emotions?

A

Extended amygdala

22
Q

What effects the prefrontal systems more: substance or gambling addiction?

A

Substance addiction

23
Q

What personality traits are risk factors for substance addiction?

A
  • Low extreversion
  • High neuroticism
  • Low consciensiousness
24
Q

Why are introverts are a greater risk of substance addiction?

A

They have a higher reward threshold

25
Q

Adolescents have larger brains than adults. Why is this not necessarily a good thing?

A

Adult brains are far more efficient due to pruning

26
Q

What region of the brain is the last to mature? What is it responsible for?

A

Dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex

Responsible for exectuive functions such as planning and inhibition

27
Q

The back of the brain matures earlier than the front. What does this lead to in adolescents?

A

More emotional decisions

Less planning

More risky/impulsive behaviours

Less consideration of negative or long-term consequences

28
Q

Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?

A

Due to pruning and maturation of PFC, adolescents are at high risk for psychiatric disorders at this time

29
Q

What prevention strategies work for substance-use?

A

Delaying age of onset

Evidence-based prevention programs

30
Q

What prevention strategies do not work for drug-use?

A

Stigmatising at-risk groups

Authoritarian style/paternalistic attitudes and campaigns

31
Q

What four temperaments are important when studying substance use?

A

Effortful control (conscienciousness)

Surgency (high pleasure, low fear)

Negative affect (irritability)

Affilliativeness (social connections)

32
Q

What happens to negative affectivity in females from age 13 to 16?

A

It slightly increases

33
Q

What happens to effortful control from age 13 to 16?

A

It decreases

34
Q

What happens to negative affectivity in males from 13 to 16?

A

It decreases

35
Q

What element of effortful control decreases considerably from 13 to 16?

A

Inhibitory control

36
Q

True or False:

People with low negative affectivity are more likely to abuse alcohol

A

True

37
Q

True or False:

People with low negative affectivity are more likely to abuse canabis

A

False;

People with low consciensiousness are more likely to abuse canabis

38
Q

What is the telescoping effect?

A

The phenomenon that females escalate faster into addiction than males do

39
Q

What is the COMT gene? Which variation makes you more vulnerable to psychosis?

A

The COMT gene is an enzyme that degrades dopamine and other catecholamines. Homozygotes with COMT Val/Val alleles have an overactive enzyme causing dopamine deficiency. This puts them at greater risk of developing psychotic symptoms and could eventually develop schizophrenic-type disorders.

40
Q

What age are people at the most vulnerable to addiction?

A

15-20

41
Q

What are the two major transitions in addiction?

A
  • From reward-driven behaviour to negative-emotion-driven behaviour
  • From top-down to bottom-up

PSY2071 (13 decks)

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