The Foreign Language Learner (I) - Learner Variables

Question 1

What is constructivism in language learning?

Answer 1

A theory where learners actively construct their own understanding based on prior knowledge and experience.

Question 2

How does constructivism impact TEFL?

Answer 2

• Shift from teacher-centered to learner-centered teaching.
• Encourages collaboration, reflection, and problem-solving.

Question 3

What are learner variables in TEFL?

Answer 3

Individual differences that influence how effectively a person learns a language (e.g., age, aptitude, motivation, gender, intelligence, learner preference, biographical information, personality ).

Question 4

What are the three main categories of learner variables?

Answer 4

Cognitive: Intelligence, learning strategies, age.
Affective: Emotions, attitudes, motivation.
Socio-Cultural: Personality, background, gender, learning environment.

Question 5

How does age affect language learning?

Answer 5

Younger learners: Better at implicit learning (pronunciation, long-term retention).
Older learners: More efficient at explicit learning (grammar, vocabulary).

Question 6

What are the different types of motivation in language learning?

Answer 6

Intrinsic: Learning for enjoyment or personal growth.
Extrinsic: Learning for rewards (grades, jobs).
Integrative: Learning to engage with a culture.
Instrumental: Learning for practical benefits (career, studies).

Question 7

What are learning strategies in TEFL?

Answer 7

Techniques learners use to acquire, store, and retrieve knowledge more effectively.

Question 8

What are the four main types of learning strategies?

Answer 8

• Cognitive: Note-taking, summarizing, mnemonics.
• Metacognitive: Goal setting, self-monitoring, reflection.
• Communication: Paraphrasing, asking for clarification.
• Socio-Affective: Practicing with peers, managing anxiety.

Question 9

What is the Multiple Intelligences theory (Gardner, 1983)?

Answer 9

Gardner’s idea that intelligence is not a single ability but consists of eight different types, influencing learning styles.

Question 10

Name the eight types of intelligence in Gardner’s theory.

Answer 10

1. Verbal-Linguistic (word-based learning).
2. Logical-Mathematical (patterns, problem-solving).
3. Musical-Rhythmic (learning through sounds).
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic (learning through movement).
5. Visual-Spatial (thinking in images).
6. Interpersonal (understanding others).
7. Intrapersonal (self-awareness, reflection).
8. Naturalistic (learning through nature).

Question 11

What is learner autonomy?

Answer 11

The ability of learners to take control of their own learning, set goals, reflect, and adapt strategies.

Question 12

How can teachers encourage learner autonomy?

Answer 12

• Encourage self-reflection and goal setting.
• Use technology to support independent learning.
• Provide opportunities for collaborative learning.