How Languages are learned - L2 Flashcards
What are the three stages of Information Processing (IP)?
- Input: Perception of L2 (speech, writing).
- Central Processing: Restructuring and proceduralization.
- Output: Fluency through automatized rules and memory chunks.
What does Krashen’s “Acquisition vs. Learning Hypothesis” propose?
- Acquisition: Natural, unconscious process (e.g., communication).
- Learning: Conscious process (e.g., grammar rules).
- Implication: Learning does not lead to acquisition.
Define “Input Hypothesis” from Krashen’s model.
Learners acquire language when they receive input slightly above their current level (i+1), supported by context.
What is the “Monitor Hypothesis”?
Learned knowledge acts as an editor to check or correct language output.
- the learner knows the rule
What is the “Affective Filter Hypothesis”?
Emotional factors (e.g., motivation, anxiety) affect language acquisition. A low affective filter helps learning.
A high affective filter blocks the input (stress)
What is the main difference between L1 and L2 acquisition?
L1: Innate capacity, child grammar, and natural maturation.
L2: Influenced by prior knowledge, feedback, and motivation.
What does “U-shaped development” in SLA mean?
Learners initially produce correct forms, then make errors as they learn rules, and finally regain accuracy with mastery.
What is “fossilization” in SLA?
When errors in interlanguage become fixed and do not improve despite input or correction.
What is Information Processing (IP) in Second Language Acquisition (SLA)?
A cognitive theory that compares language learning to a computer system where mental processes handle input, processing, and output in hierarchical steps.
What is the role of “automatization” in Information Processing?
Automatization allows controlled processing to become automatic through practice, freeing cognitive resources for new information.
What is the Interlanguage Hypothesis (Selinker, 1972)?
A learner’s evolving version of the target language, which contains features of both L1 and L2, and can develop over time or fossilize.
What is the difference between “input” and “intake” in SLA?
Input: Any language exposure received.
Intake: Input that is noticed and processed by the learner.
What are the teaching implications of Krashen’s theories?
- Provide comprehensible - input at the i+1 level.
- Reduce affective filter (lower anxiety, increase motivation).
- Focus on meaningful communication rather than forced speech production.
What is the natural order hypothesis?
- Grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable order.
- Errors are natural and part of development.
What is the natural order hypothesis?
Acquisition of grammar proceeds in predictable order, errors are signs of naturalistic development process
SVOO Beispiel
