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MCAT Biology > The Eukaryotic Cell; The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Eukaryotic Cell; The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

___ can exit the nucleus through ___ ___

A

RNA can exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores, but DNA cannot

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2
Q

nucleolus

A

within the nucleus, where rRNA is transcribed an the subunits of the ribosome are assembled os

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3
Q

cisternal space

A

ER lumen, extracellular fluid side of ER?

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4
Q

granular/rough ER

A

near the nucleus, many ribosomes attached on cytosolic side

translation propels proteins into the ER lumen as they are created

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5
Q

Golgi apparatus/complex

A

newly synthesized proteins from ER lumen
series of flattened membrane bound sacs
organizes and concentrates the proteins

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6
Q

lysosomes

A

contain acid hydrolases/hydrolytic enzymes, enzymes capable of breaking down every major type of macromolecule within cell
come from the Golgi

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7
Q

agranular/smooth ER

A

tubular, glucose from glycogen
production of triglycerides and phospholipids
lipid synthesis, including steroids
oxidizes foreign substances (drugs, toxins, etc.)

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8
Q

adipocytes

A

cells containing predominantly fat droplets

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9
Q

peroxisomes

A

production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

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10
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of filaments, determine structure and motility of cell
microtubules and microfilaments

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11
Q

microtubules

A

larger than microfilaments
rigid hollow tubes made from a protein called tubulin
makes up mitotic spindle, flagella, and cilia
have + and - end

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12
Q

axoneme

A

major portion of flagellum and cilium, contains 9 pairs of microtubules forming a circle around 2 long microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement

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13
Q

dynein

A

protein that forms cross bridges to connect each of the outer pairs of microtubules to their neighbor in the 9+2 arrangment of axonemes in flagellum and cilium
cross bridges create whip action of cilia and wiggle of flagella

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14
Q

centrosome

A

major microtubule organizing center in the cell

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15
Q

in humans, cilia are found only in the ____

A

fallopian tubes and respiratory tract

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16
Q

actin

A

forms microfilametns

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17
Q

microfilament function

A

produce contracting force in muscle, active in cytoplasmic streaming, phagocytosis, microvilli movement, cytokinesis

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18
Q

eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic flagella

A

eukaryotic: 9+2 microtubule arrangement, whip like action
prokaryotic: thin strand of single protein flagellin, rotate

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19
Q

Krebs cycle takes place ____

A

inside the mitochondria

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20
Q

cristae

A

infoldings of mitochondrial inner membrane

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21
Q

neuronal communication vs. hormonal communication

A

neuronal: rapid, direct, specific
hormonal: slower, spread throughout the body, affect many cells and tissues in many different ways

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22
Q

dendrites

A

receive a signal to be transmitted

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23
Q

axon hillock

A

where cell body joins with axon

generates axon potential in all directions and down axon if stimulus is great enough from cell body

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24
Q

axon

A

carries action potential to synapse

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25
Q

resting potential

A

established by equilibrium between passive diffusion of ions across the membrane and the Na/K pump

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26
Q

Na/K pump pumps….

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

27
Q

depolarization

A

voltage gated sodium channels, Na flows into cell via positive feedback, –> positive inside cell, negative outside

28
Q

repolarization

A

Voltage gated potassium channels open, K flows out of cell, makes inside more negative

29
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inside membrane becomes even more negative than resting potential, before potassium gates close

30
Q

any stimulus greater than the ___ ____ creates the same size action potential

A

threshold stimulus, action potential is all-or-nothing

31
Q

synapse

A

how nerve impulses are transmitted from one cell to another

chemically or electrically (uncommon)

32
Q

electrical synapses

A

gap junctions between cells
cardiac muscle, visceral smooth muscle, few neurons
much faster

33
Q

chemical synapses

A

unidirectional

Ca2+ into cell –> neurotransmitters across synaptic cleft,

34
Q

Brownian motion

A

random motion of molecule, neurotransmitter diffusion across synaptic cleft

35
Q

slowest step in transfer of nervous signal

A

chemical synapse

36
Q

second messenger system

A

active another molecule inside the cell to make changes, ex: G protein often activate second messenger
for prolonged changes, ex: memory

37
Q

myelin

A

electrically insulating sheath, increases rate that axon can transmit signlas
myelinated axon appear white

38
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in peripheral nervous system

39
Q

white matter vs. gray matter

A 
white = myelinated axons
gray = cell body
40
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

tiny gaps between myelin

actions potential jumps from one node to the next

41
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumping from node to node

42
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A 
receive signals from a receptor cell that interacts with its environment, transfers signal to other neurons
located dorsally (toward back) from the spinal cord
43
Q

interneurons

A

transfer signals from neuron to neuron, 90% neurons in the brain

44
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A 
carry signals to a muscle or gland called the effector 
located ventrally (towards the front or abdomen)
45
Q

nerves

A

axons and dendrites bundled together

46
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

integrate nervous signals between sensory and motor neurons

47
Q

somatic nervous system

A

respond to external environment,, sensory and motor, only skeletal muscle, consciously controlled, voluntary

48
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

signals form viscera, motor portion conducts signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
involuntary

49
Q

motor portion of autonomic nervous system divided into…..

A

sympathetic - fight or flight

parasympathetic- rest and digest

50
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system and by postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic nervous system
**somatic and parasympathetic

51
Q

postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system use ____

A

epinephrine or norepinephrine / adrenaline or noradrenaline

**sympathetic system only

52
Q

autonomic pathways are controlled mainly by the ___

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

cerebrum/cerebral cortex

A

higher brain, cortical brain

higher level thoughts and consciousness, store memories, process thoughts

54
Q

light reflects off an object in the external environment and first strikes the eye on the ___

A

cornea - nonvascular, made of collagen, most bending of light

55
Q

ciliary muscle

A

circles the lens, focus light onto retina

56
Q

image in retina is …

A

real and inverted

57
Q

retina

A

covers inside of back of eye

contains rods and cones

58
Q

rods cannot distinguish…

A

cannot distinguish color, cones can

59
Q

iris

A

color part of eye, made from circular and radial muscles that constrict/dilate pupil

60
Q

pupil

A

opening in iris

61
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum, begins middle ear

62
Q

3 bones of inner ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

63
Q

cochlea

A

detects sound (by hair cells of organ of Corti)

64
Q

semicircular canals

A

balance, detect orientation and movement of the head

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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