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MCAT Biology > The Digestive System; The Excretory System > Flashcards

The Digestive System; The Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

alpha-amylas

A

in saliva, begins breaking down starch

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2
Q

peristaltic action

A

wave motion to move food down esophagus

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3
Q

no digestion in the ____

A

esophagus

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4
Q

chyme

A

semifluid mass of food on stomach

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5
Q

protein digestion beings in the ___ with ___

A

in the stomach with pepsin

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6
Q

4 major cell types in the stomach

A

mucous cells
chief (peptic) cells
parietal (oxyntic) cells
G cells

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7
Q

stomach contains ____ glands

A

exocrine glans

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8
Q

chief cells

A

deep in exocrine glands

secrete pepsinogen, precursor to pepsin (activated by low pH of stomach)

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9
Q

parietal cells

A

found in exocrine glands of stomach

secrete hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

G cells secrete ___

A

secrete gastrin

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11
Q

gastrin

A

absorbed into blood, stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

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12
Q

lacteal

A

lymph vessel within each villus of small intestine

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13
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area of intestinal wall even further than vili, fuzzy covering

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14
Q

brush border

A

fuzzy covering of microvilli

contains membrane bound digestive enzymes

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15
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus to lubricate intestine and protect brush boarder

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16
Q

fluid inside duodenum has pH of ___ due mainly to ____

A

pH 6 due to bicarbonate ion secreted by the pancreas

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17
Q

major enzymes released from the pancreas

A

trypsin,chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

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18
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin…

A

degrade proteins into small polypeptides

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19
Q

pancreatic amylase…

A

hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides and trisaccharides
much more powerful than salivary amylase

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20
Q

lipase…

A

degrades fat, specifically triglycerides

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21
Q

bile is produced in the ____ and stores in the ___

A

produced in liver, stored in gall bladder

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22
Q

function of bile

A

emulsifies the fat, breaks into smaller particles to increase surface area, does not break it down chemically

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23
Q

major functions of large intestine

A

water absorption, electrolyte absorption

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24
Q

large intestine contains the bacteria ___

A

E. coli

produce vit K, B12, thiamin, and riboflavin

25
Q

role of the liver is processing ___

A

carbohydrates

26
Q

___ is a byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins

A

ammonia

27
Q

ammonia is converted to ____ by the liver and excreted in the urine by the kidney

A

urea

28
Q

albumin

A

combine with free fatty acids in the blood, to transport them

29
Q

vena cava

A

blood travels to form hepatic vein of liver

30
Q

the liver can expand to act as a _______ for the body

A

blood reservoir/blood storage

31
Q

blood filtration function of liver

A

phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines

32
Q

the liver maintain normal blood glucose levels through _____

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and storage of glycogen

33
Q

fat metabolism in liver

A

synthesizes bile from cholesterol, converts carbs and proteins into fat, oxidizes fatty acids for energy, forms most lipoproteins

34
Q

protein metabolism in liver

A

deaminats aa’s, forms urea from ammonia in blood, synthesizes plasma proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin, albuin, most globulins), synthesizes nonessnential aa’s

35
Q

prothrombin and fibrinogen are 2 important _____

A

clotting factors

36
Q

albumin is …..

A

the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood

37
Q

globulins are a group of proteins that include ___

A

antibodies (not made in liver, made by plasma cells)

38
Q

detoxified chemicals are excreted by the….

A

liver as part of bile or polarized so can be excreted by kidney

39
Q

liver destroys irregular ____

A

erythrocytes

40
Q

liver stores ____

A

vitamins (A,D, B12)

41
Q

when the liver mobilizes fat or protein for energy blood acidity _____

A

increases (ketone bodies form –> ketosis or acidosis)

42
Q

function of the kidney

A

excrete waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia, phosphate), maintain homeostasis of body fluid, help control plasma pH

43
Q

urine is created by kidney and emptied into ___ ___

A

renal pelvis

44
Q

renal pelvis empties by the ____ which carries urine to the ___

A

ureter, bladder (drained by urethra)

45
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

46
Q

blood flows into first capillary bed of nephron called the ___

A

glomerulus

47
Q

renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

*filtration occurs here

48
Q

fenestrations

A

like a sieve in glomerular endothelium, screen out blood cells and large proteins from entering Bowman’s capsule

49
Q

filtrate moves from Bowman’s capsule to ___ ___

A

proximal tubules

50
Q

proximal tubules is where most _____ takes place

A

reabsorption (all glucose, most proteins, other solutes) and secretion

51
Q

drugs, toxins, and other solutes are ____ into the filtrate by cell of proximal tubules

A

secreted

52
Q

hydrogen ions secreted through an ____ system with sodium, driven by sodium concentration gradient

A

antiport

53
Q

from proximal tubules, filtrate flows into the ____

A

loop of Henle - increase solute concentration and osmotic pressure of medulla

54
Q

the distal tubule…

A

reabsorbs Na+ and Ca2+ while secreting K+ H+ and HCO3-, net effect is to lower filtrate osmolarity

55
Q

the distal tubules empties into the…

A

collecting duct - concentrates the urine

sensitive to ADH

56
Q

descending loop of Henle…..

A

permeable to water, filtrate osmolarity goes up

57
Q

ascending loop of Henle…

A

impermeable to water, actively transports sodium into kidney

58
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

monitors filtrate pressure in distal tubule

secrete the enzyme renin

59
Q

in presence of ADH, the collecting duct….

A

becomes permeable to water allowing it to passively diffuse into the medulla, concentrating urine

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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