The Digestive System; The Excretory System

Question 1

alpha-amylas

Answer 1

in saliva, begins breaking down starch

Question 2

peristaltic action

Answer 2

wave motion to move food down esophagus

Question 3

no digestion in the ____

Answer 3

esophagus

Question 4

chyme

Answer 4

semifluid mass of food on stomach

Question 5

protein digestion beings in the ___ with ___

Answer 5

in the stomach with pepsin

Question 6

4 major cell types in the stomach

Answer 6

mucous cells
chief (peptic) cells
parietal (oxyntic) cells
G cells

Question 7

stomach contains ____ glands

Answer 7

exocrine glans

Question 8

chief cells

Answer 8

deep in exocrine glands

secrete pepsinogen, precursor to pepsin (activated by low pH of stomach)

Question 9

parietal cells

Answer 9

found in exocrine glands of stomach

secrete hydrochloric acid

Question 10

G cells secrete ___

Answer 10

secrete gastrin

Question 11

gastrin

Answer 11

absorbed into blood, stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Question 12

lacteal

Answer 12

lymph vessel within each villus of small intestine

Question 13

microvilli

Answer 13

increase surface area of intestinal wall even further than vili, fuzzy covering

Question 14

brush border

Answer 14

fuzzy covering of microvilli

contains membrane bound digestive enzymes

Question 15

goblet cells

Answer 15

secrete mucus to lubricate intestine and protect brush boarder

Question 16

fluid inside duodenum has pH of ___ due mainly to ____

Answer 16

pH 6 due to bicarbonate ion secreted by the pancreas

Question 17

major enzymes released from the pancreas

Answer 17

trypsin,chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

Question 18

trypsin and chymotrypsin…

Answer 18

degrade proteins into small polypeptides

Question 19

pancreatic amylase…

Answer 19

hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides and trisaccharides
much more powerful than salivary amylase

Question 20

lipase…

Answer 20

degrades fat, specifically triglycerides

Question 21

bile is produced in the ____ and stores in the ___

Answer 21

produced in liver, stored in gall bladder

Question 22

function of bile

Answer 22

emulsifies the fat, breaks into smaller particles to increase surface area, does not break it down chemically

Question 23

major functions of large intestine

Answer 23

water absorption, electrolyte absorption

Question 24

large intestine contains the bacteria ___

Answer 24

E. coli

produce vit K, B12, thiamin, and riboflavin

Question 25

role of the liver is processing ___

Answer 25

carbohydrates

Question 26

___ is a byproduct of gluconeogenesis from proteins

Answer 26

ammonia

Question 27

ammonia is converted to ____ by the liver and excreted in the urine by the kidney

Answer 27

urea

Question 28

albumin

Answer 28

combine with free fatty acids in the blood, to transport them

Question 29

vena cava

Answer 29

blood travels to form hepatic vein of liver

Question 30

the liver can expand to act as a _______ for the body

Answer 30

blood reservoir/blood storage

Question 31

blood filtration function of liver

Answer 31

phagocytize bacteria picked up from intestines

Question 32

the liver maintain normal blood glucose levels through _____

Answer 32

gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and storage of glycogen

Question 33

fat metabolism in liver

Answer 33

synthesizes bile from cholesterol, converts carbs and proteins into fat, oxidizes fatty acids for energy, forms most lipoproteins

Question 34

protein metabolism in liver

Answer 34

deaminats aa's, forms urea from ammonia in blood, synthesizes plasma proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin, albuin, most globulins), synthesizes nonessnential aa's

Question 35

prothrombin and fibrinogen are 2 important _____

Answer 35

clotting factors

Question 36

albumin is .....

Answer 36

the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood

Question 37

globulins are a group of proteins that include ___

Answer 37

antibodies (not made in liver, made by plasma cells)

Question 38

detoxified chemicals are excreted by the....

Answer 38

liver as part of bile or polarized so can be excreted by kidney

Question 39

liver destroys irregular ____

Answer 39

erythrocytes

Question 40

liver stores ____

Answer 40

vitamins (A,D, B12)

Question 41

when the liver mobilizes fat or protein for energy blood acidity _____

Answer 41

increases (ketone bodies form --> ketosis or acidosis)

Question 42

function of the kidney

Answer 42

excrete waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia, phosphate), maintain homeostasis of body fluid, help control plasma pH

Question 43

urine is created by kidney and emptied into ___ ___

Answer 43

renal pelvis

Question 44

renal pelvis empties by the ____ which carries urine to the ___

Answer 44

ureter, bladder (drained by urethra)

Question 45

functional unit of kidney

Answer 45

nephron

Question 46

blood flows into first capillary bed of nephron called the ___

Answer 46

glomerulus

Question 47

renal corpuscle

Answer 47

Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus | *filtration occurs here

Question 48

fenestrations

Answer 48

like a sieve in glomerular endothelium, screen out blood cells and large proteins from entering Bowman's capsule

Question 49

filtrate moves from Bowman's capsule to ___ ___

Answer 49

proximal tubules

Question 50

proximal tubules is where most _____ takes place

Answer 50

reabsorption (all glucose, most proteins, other solutes) and secretion

Question 51

drugs, toxins, and other solutes are ____ into the filtrate by cell of proximal tubules

Answer 51

secreted

Question 52

hydrogen ions secreted through an ____ system with sodium, driven by sodium concentration gradient

Answer 52

antiport

Question 53

from proximal tubules, filtrate flows into the ____

Answer 53

loop of Henle - increase solute concentration and osmotic pressure of medulla

Question 54

the distal tubule...

Answer 54

reabsorbs Na+ and Ca2+ while secreting K+ H+ and HCO3-, net effect is to lower filtrate osmolarity

Question 55

the distal tubules empties into the...

Answer 55

collecting duct - concentrates the urine | sensitive to ADH

Question 56

descending loop of Henle.....

Answer 56

permeable to water, filtrate osmolarity goes up

Question 57

ascending loop of Henle...

Answer 57

impermeable to water, actively transports sodium into kidney

Question 58

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 58

monitors filtrate pressure in distal tubule | secrete the enzyme renin

Question 59

in presence of ADH, the collecting duct....

Answer 59

becomes permeable to water allowing it to passively diffuse into the medulla, concentrating urine