Molecular Biology; Cellular Respiration

Question 1

lipid solubility

Answer 1

low solubility in water, high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents

Question 2

amphipathic

Answer 2

polar and nonpolar

phospholipids - polar at phosphate end, nonpolar at fatty acid end

Question 3

steroids

Answer 3

four ringed structures, some hormones, vitamin D, cholesterol, membrane component
regulate metabolic activities

Question 4

phospholipids serve as …

Answer 4

structural component of membranes

Question 5

triacylglycerols ….

Answer 5

store metabolic energy, provide thermal insulation and padding

Question 6

some fatty acids serve as ____

Answer 6

local hormones

Question 7

proteins = amino acids linked by

Answer 7

peptide bonds (also called polypeptides)

Question 8

essential amino acids

Answer 8

body cannot make, have to be consumed

10 for humans

Question 9

amino acids differ from each other only in their ___

Answer 9

side chains, R group

Question 10

protein primary structure

Answer 10

number and sequence of amino acids

all proteins have primary structure

Question 11

secondary structure of protein

Answer 11

alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets
reinforced by H-bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and the hydrogen on the amino group
contribute to conformation of protein
most proteins have secondary structure

Question 12

protein tertiary structure and 5 forces that create it

Answer 12

3D shape formed when the peptide chain curls and folds

1. covalent disulfide bonds between 2 cysteine aas
2. electrostatic (ionic) interactions
3. hydrogen bonds
4. van der Waals forces
5. hydrophobic side chains pushed away from water toward the center of protein

Question 13

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 13

when two or more polypeptide chains bind together

Question 14

denatured protein

Answer 14

when conformation is disrupted

lost most of its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

Question 15

force disrupted from area (denaturing agent)

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

protein structural force disrupted from salt or change in pH

Answer 16

electrostatic bonds

Question 17

protein structural force disrupted from mercaptoethanol

Answer 17

disulfide bonds

Question 18

protein structural force disrupted from organic solvents

Answer 18

hydrophobic forces

Question 19

protein structural force disrupted from heat

Answer 19

all forces

Question 20

when you see nitrogen in a structure…

Answer 20

think protein

Question 21

anomers

Answer 21

stereoisomers of a cyclic saccharide that differs only in its configuration at the anomeric carbon
ring form of glucose has 2 anomers

Question 22

if cell has sufficient ATP, glucose is polymerized to ____

Answer 22

glycogen (branched branched glucose polymer with alpha linkages)
large amounts in muscle and liver

Question 23

plants form ___ and ___ from glucose

Answer 23

starch and cellulose (beta linkages - cant digest)

Question 24

in absence of insulin, only the ___ and ___ continue to absorb glucose

Answer 24

brain and liver

Question 25

3 components of nucleotides

Answer 25

five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Question 26

bonds in nucleotides

Answer 26

phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and 3rd carbon of pentose

Question 27

cyclic AMP

Answer 27

important component in many secondary messenger systems

Question 28

minerals

Answer 28

dissolved inorganic ions inside the outside the cell

Question 29

enzymes are typically ___ ____

Answer 29

globular proteins

Question 30

enzyme function

Answer 30

act as a catalyst (lowering activation energy, increasing rate of reaction)

Question 31

enzymes do not alter the ____ of a reaction

Answer 31

equilibrium

Question 32

lock and key theory

Answer 32

example of enzyme specificity

active site has specific shape that only fits a specific substrate

Question 33

induced fit model

Answer 33

shape of enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding, increases specificity and helps reaction proceed f

Question 34

saturation kinetics

Answer 34

as relative concentration of substrate increases the rate of the reaction also increases, but to a lesser and lesser degree until max rate has been achieved

Question 35

cofactor

Answer 35

non-protein component that many enzymes need to reach optimal activity
coenzymes (vitamins and derivatives) or metal ions/minerals

Question 36

irreversible inhibitors

Answer 36

bind covalently to enzymes and disrupt their function, highly toxic

Question 37

competitive inhibitors

Answer 37

compete with the substrate by binding reversibly with noncovalent bonds to the active site

Question 38

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 38

bind noncovalently to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site and change the conformation of the enzyme

Question 39

zymogen or proenzyme

Answer 39

inactivated form of enzymes

when specific peptide bonds are cleaved –> zymogens activated

Question 40

allosteric interactions/regulation

Answer 40

modification of enzyme configuration from binding of an activator or inhibitor at a specific binding site on the enzyme

Question 41

negative feedback/feedback inhibition

Answer 41

one of the products downstream in a reaction series comes back and inhibits the enzymatic activity of an earlier reaction

Question 42

positive feedback

Answer 42

product returns to activate the enzyme

occurs less often than negative feedback

Question 43

positive and negative cooperativity

Answer 43

first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily = positive

Question 44

lyase vs. ligases

Answer 44

ligase requires energy from ATP or other nucleotide

Question 45

kinase vs. phosphatase

Answer 45

kinase: phosphorylates something
phosphatase: dephosphorylates something

Question 46

metabolism

Answer 46

all cellular chemical reactions
anabolism - molecular synthesis
catabolism- degradation

Question 47

respiration

Answer 47

energy acquiring stages of catabolic metabolism
oxidation to acetyl CoA, pyruvate etc.
citric acid cycle

Question 48

glycolysis

Answer 48

first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration
6C glucose –> 2 3C pyruvate + 2ATP + phosphate + water + 2 NADH
occurs in cytosol
2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

Question 49

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 49

formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy released from the decay of high energy phosphorylated compounds as opposed to using the energy from diffusion of ions down their concentration gradient (as with oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 50

fermentation

Answer 50

anaerobic respiration

glycolysis, reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid, oxidation of NADH to NAD+

Question 51

for aerobic respiration, products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH) move _____

Answer 51

into the matrix of a mitochondrion

Question 52

pyruvate converted to ___ once inside the matrix

Answer 52

acetyl CoA

produces NADH and CO2

Question 53

Kreb’s cycle/citric acid cycle

Answer 53

each turn produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

Question 54

ATP production in Kreb’s cycle through

Answer 54

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 55

proton-motive force

Answer 55

proton gradient generated by ETC

propels protons through ATP synthase

Question 56

production of ATP with ATP synthase and proton motive force is ____

Answer 56

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

aerobic respiration produces about ____ net ATPs

Answer 57

36

Question 58

1 NADH brings back ____ ATPs

Answer 58

2 to 3

Question 59

1 FADH1 bring back ___ ATP

Answer 59

2