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MCAT Biology > The Cardiovascular System; The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System; The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

circulatory path of blood - systemic circulation

A

left ventricle –> aorta –> arteries —> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium

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2
Q

circulatory path of blood - pulmonary circulation

A

right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries of lungs –> venules –> veins –> pulmonary veins to heart –> left atrium –> left ventricle

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3
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in right atrium
pace the heart contractions
autorhythmic, spreading its contractions to the surounding cardiac muscles via electrical synapses made from gap junctions

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4
Q

vagus nerve

A

innervates the SA node, slows the contractions (SA node is faster than normal heartbeats)
parasympathetic nerve
innervates digestive system (increases digestive activity)

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5
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

in interatrial septa

action potential from SA node spreads here

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6
Q

bundle of His

A

conductive fibers in wall separating ventricles

action potential here after AV node

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7
Q

purkinje fibers

A

conducting fibers in ventricles
action potential spread through gap junctions from one cardiac muscle to next
allow for more unified, stronger contraction

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8
Q

arteries vs. veins

A

lumen of veins/venules larger than artieris
veins have larger volume of blood
cross sectional area of veins larger

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9
Q

blood moves the slowest through the ____

A

capillaries (blood not an ideal flow)

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10
Q

blood moves fastest through the ….

A

aorta and venae cavae (smallest total cross sectional area)

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11
Q

total cross-sectional area of capillaries

A

far greater than arteries and veins

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12
Q

blood pressure lowest in….

A

veins…? capillaries ?

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13
Q

a problem in microtubule production might result in…

A

problems in breathing, fertility, or circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
(microtubules found in cilia ,ciliated cells in respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, ependymal cells of spinal cord)

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14
Q

pharynx

A

throat, passageway for food and air

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15
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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16
Q

epiglottis

A

prevents good from entering trachea

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

binds 98% of the oxygen in the blood reversibly
inside erythrocytes
iron at center of heme cofactor
4 subunits –> 4 iron atoms –> can bind 4 O2 molecules

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18
Q

as O2 pressure increases, the O2 saturation of hemoglobin…

A

increases sigmoidally

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19
Q

oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right (lowering of hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen) by….

A

increase in carbon dioxide pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature

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20
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that governs bicarbonate ion formation
inside red blood cells
CO2 + H2O –> HCO3- + H+

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21
Q

most carbon dioxide carried as

A

bicarbonate

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22
Q

in acidosis, the body compensates by _____ the breathing rate to ….

A

increasing the breathing rate to expel carbon dioxide and raise pH of blood

23
Q

lymph system is an ____ system

A

open system - fluid enters at one end and leaves at the other

24
Q

blood is a ___ tissue

A

connective tissue - contains cells and matrix

25
Q

albumin transports ….

A

fatty acids and steroids, regulates osmotic pressure of blood

26
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

27
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting protein

28
Q

serum

A

plasma in which the clotting factor fibrinogen has been removed

29
Q

erythrocytes

A

no organelles, no nucleus, dont reproduce, no mitosis

deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

30
Q

3 parts blood separates into

A

plasma, buffy coat (whit blood cells), red blood cells

31
Q

leukocytes

A

have organelles, protect from foreign invaders

32
Q

granulocytes

A

live short time, function nonspecifically against all infective agents
multiply quickly against any infection, then die once the infection is gone

33
Q

agranulocytes

A

live very long time, work against specific agents of infection

34
Q

platelets

A

small portions of membrane bond cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes
begin coagulation process

35
Q

humoral immunity

A

B-cell immunity, promoted by B lymphocytes - each make a single type of antibody which is displayed on its membrane
effective against bacteria, fungi, parasitic protozoans, viruses, blood toxins

36
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the …

A

bone marrow and liver

37
Q

an antibody recognizes an ___

A

antigen

38
Q

if the B lymphocyte antibody contacts a matching antigen…

A

the B lymphocyte assisted by a helper T cell differentiates into plasma cells and memory B cells

39
Q

plasma cells

A

synthesize free antibodies and release them into blood

40
Q

agglutinate

A

stick together, antibodies may cause antigen substances to agglutinate

41
Q

primary response

A

first time immune system is exposed to an antigen, 20 days to reach full potential

42
Q

secondary response

A

from memory B cells, faster and more potent effect, 5 days to reach full effect

43
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cell immunity

44
Q

T-lymphocytes mature in the ___

A

thymus

45
Q

T-lymphocytes dont make ___

A

free antibodies

46
Q

if T-lymphocyte binds to self-antigen…

A

it is destroyed

47
Q

helper T cells

A

assist in activating B lymphocytes, killer and suppressor T cells
attached by HIV

48
Q

memory T cells

A

similar to memory B cells

49
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

negative feedback role in immune system

50
Q

killer T cells

A

bind to antigen carrying cell and release perforin (punctures antigen carrying cell)
fighting some cancer and attacking transplanted tissue

51
Q

blood types identified by…

A

A and B surface antigens

52
Q

universal donor

A

O

53
Q

universal receiver

A

AB

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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