Populations

Question 1

first filial / F1 generation

Answer 1

first generation after purple and white flowers crossed

produced purple flowers

Question 2

Mendelian ration

Answer 2

3:1 dominant:recessive ratio

when self pollinated the F1 generation of F2 generation expresses the ratio

Question 3

locus

Answer 3

position on respective chromosomes

corresponding genes are located at the same locus

Question 4

hybrid

Answer 4

heterozygous

Question 5

Law of Segregation

Answer 5

alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes
any gamete is equally likely to posses any allele
phenotypic expression of the alleles follow principle of complete dominance

Question 6

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 6

genes located on different chromosomes assort independently of each other
genes that code for different traits, when locatd on different chromosomes, do not affect each other during gamete formation

Question 7

dihybrid cross

Answer 7

WG, Wg, wG, wg

Question 8

phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross

Answer 8

9:3:3:1

Question 9

inbreeding does not change the _____ but does increase the ____

Answer 9

does not change the frequency of alleles, but does increase the number of homozygous individuals within a population

Question 10

karyotype

Answer 10

map of the chromosomes

Question 11

Barr body

Answer 11

when one of the X chromosomes of female condenses and most of its genes become inactive
formed at random, active allele is split about evenly among the cells

Question 12

carrier

Answer 12

when female carries a recessive trait on her 23rd pair of chromosomes without expressing it

Question 13

gene pool

Answer 13

total of all alleles in population

Question 14

evolution

Answer 14

change in gene pool

Question 15

classification system for animals

Answer 15

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 16

Vertebrata

Answer 16

subphylum in phylum Chordata

Question 17

all mammals belong to the class…

Answer 17

Mammalia and phylum Chordata

Question 18

Domains

Answer 18

new superkingdoms; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 19

species

Answer 19

organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring with each other; organisms which normally reproduce selectively fit offspring in the wild

Question 20

niche

Answer 20

way in which a species exploits its environment

Question 21

survival of the fittest

Answer 21

not two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely

one species will exploit the environment more efficiently, leading to the extinction of the other with the same niche

Question 22

r-selection

Answer 22

reproductive strategy that involved producing large numbers of offspring that mature rapidly with little or no parental care
high brood mortality rate
population growth curves are exponential

Question 23

K-selection

Answer 23

small brood size with slow maturing of offspring and strong parental care
sigmoidal growth curve that levels off at carrying capacity

Question 24

speciation

Answer 24

process by which new species are formed

begins when gene flow ceases between two sections of a population

Question 25

adaptive radiation

Answer 25

when several separate species arise from a single ancestral species

Question 26

evolutionary bottleneck

Answer 26

when a species faces a crisis that causes a shift in the allelic frequencies of the survivors of the crisis

Question 27

divergent evolution

Answer 27

when two or more species evolving from the same group maintain a similar structure from the common ancestor

Question 28

convergent evolution

Answer 28

two species independently evolve similar structures

Question 29

polymorphism

Answer 29

occurrence of distinct forms | ex: red or white flower color

Question 30

symbiosis

Answer 30

relationship between 2 species

Question 31

mutualism

Answer 31

beneficial relationship for both species

Question 32

commensalism

Answer 32

beneficial for one and not affect the other

Question 33

parasitism

Answer 33

beneficial for one, detrimental to the other

Question 34

5 conditions for Haryd-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 34

``` large population mutational equilibrium immigration or emigration must not change the gene pool random mating no selection for the fittest organism ```

Question 35

genetic drift

Answer 35

one allele may be permanently lost due to the death of all members having that allele results at random, not caused by selective pressure

Question 36

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 | p+q = 1

Answer 36

predicts the genotype frequency of a gene with only 2 alleles in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Question 37

Urey-Miller experiment

Answer 37

one of the early experiments to make an attempt to recreate the atmosphere of early earth have resulted in autosynthesis of urea, amino acids, and adenine

Question 38

first cells are thought to have evolved from ____

Answer 38

coacervates: lipid or protein bilary bubbles | spontaneously form and grow from fat molecules suspended in water

Question 39

fossils or earliest organisms (heterotrophs) dated at ____ years old

Answer 39

3.6 billion

Question 40

first oxygen producing photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 40

ancestors of cyanobacteria, 2.3 billion years ago

Question 41

phylum containing humans

Answer 41

Chrodata

Question 42

all chordates have...

Answer 42

bilateral symmetry, are deuterostomes, have a coelom, posses a notochord at some stage of development and pharyngeal slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a tail

Question 43

deuterostomes

Answer 43

anus develops from or near the blastopore

Question 44

coelom

Answer 44

body cavity within mesodermal tissue

Question 45

notochord

Answer 45

embryonic axial support, not the back bone

Question 46

members of the subphylum Vertebrata...

Answer 46

have their notochord replaced by a segmented cartilage or bone structure, have distinct brain enclosed in skull