microbiology

Question 1

capsid

Answer 1

protein coat of virus

Question 2

viral envelope

Answer 2

most animal viruses, some plant viruses, very few bacterial viruses
lipid rich, borrowed from the membrane of their host cell or synthesized in the host cell cytoplasm

Question 3

viruses never possess both ___ and ___

Answer 3

DNA and RNA

have one or the other

Question 4

in a bacteriophage, nucleic acid normally injected through ____

Answer 4

the tail

Question 5

lytic infection

Answer 5

virus commandeers cell’s reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses

Question 6

latent period

Answer 6

period from infection to lysis

Question 7

virulent virus

Answer 7

virus following the lytic cycle

Question 8

lysogenic infection

Answer 8

viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome or if RNA virus with reverse transcriptase DNA is reverse transcribed and incorporated

Question 9

temperate virus

Answer 9

virus in lysogenic cycle

Question 10

provirus

Answer 10

viral DNA incorporated into host DNA
dormant or latent
prophage if host is bacterium

Question 11

plus-strand RNA

Answer 11

proteins can be directly translated from the RNA

Question 12

minus-strand RNA

Answer 12

complement to mRNA, must be transcribed to plus-RNA before translated

Question 13

human body fights viral infections with…

Answer 13

antibodies which bind to a viral protein and cytotoxic T cells which destroy infected cells

Question 14

vaccine

Answer 14

injection of antibodies or a nonpathogenic virus with the same capsid or envelope

Question 15

carrier population

Answer 15

virus can thrive in other animals, can still reinfect human population

Question 16

2 domains of prokaryotes

Answer 16

archaea and bacteria

Question 17

fixing CO2

Answer 17

reducing it a and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through the Calvin cycle

• all microorganisms are capable to some degree
• energy expensive

Question 18

Autotrophs

Answer 18

capable of using CO2 as their only source of carbon

Question 19

Heterotrophs

Answer 19

use preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon

Question 20

phototrophs

Answer 20

organisms that use light as their energy source

Question 21

chemotrophs

Answer 21

use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter

Question 22

autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in their ___

Answer 22

source of Carbon

Question 23

fixing nitrogen

Answer 23

N2 converted to ammonia

Question 24

nucleoid

Answer 24

DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes

not enclosed by membrane

Question 25

cocci and bacilli

Answer 25

cocci - round bacilli - rod shaped 2 major shapes of bacteria

Question 26

rigid, helically shaped bacteria

Answer 26

spirilla

Question 27

helically shaped bacteria, not rigid

Answer 27

spirochetes

Question 28

phospholipid composed of....

Answer 28

phosphate group, 2 fatty acid side chains, a glycerol backbone amphipathic - phosphate group is polar, fatty acids nonpolar

Question 29

micelle

Answer 29

spherical structure that forms when amphipathic molecules placed in aq solution. polar ends toward solution, nonpolar ends toward each other

Question 30

integral/intrinsic protein

Answer 30

amphipathic proteins that transverse the membrane from inside the cell to outside

Question 31

peripheral/extrinsic proteins

Answer 31

entirely on the surfaces of the membrane | ionically bonded to integral proteins or polar group of lipid

Question 32

aspects of a compound that affect its semipermeability

Answer 32

size and polarity larger = less permeable greater the polarity (or if has charge), less permeable

Question 33

as cell fills with water, filling stops when....

Answer 33

hydrostatic pressure = osmotic pressure

Question 34

bacterial cell wall made of

Answer 34

peptidoglycan

Question 35

gram + bacteria

Answer 35

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, prevents grams stain from leaking out purple

Question 36

gram - bacteria

Answer 36

pink thin peptidoglycan cell wall 2nd membrane outside cell wall

Question 37

flagella

Answer 37

long, hollow, rigid, helical, cylinders made from flagellin | rotate clockwise to propel bacteria

Question 38

forms of bacterial genetic recombination

Answer 38

conjugation, transformation, transduction, binary fission (asexual reproduction)

Question 39

binary fission

Answer 39

asexual reproduction | results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Question 40

plasmid

Answer 40

small circles of DNA that exist and replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

Question 41

F plasmid/fertility factor/F factor

Answer 41

bacterium with F factor is called F+

Question 42

R plasmid

Answer 42

donates resistance to certain antibiotics

Question 43

conjugation

Answer 43

requires that one of the bacterium have a plasmid with a gene that codes for the sex pilus sex pilus connects 2 bacteria for passage of DNA from cell containing conjugative plasmid to cell that does not

Question 44

transformation

Answer 44

bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome

Question 45

transduction

Answer 45

bacteriopahage mistakenly encapsulates a DNA fragment of the host cell when virons infect new bacteria, they inject harmless bacterial DNA fragments instead of viral DNA

Question 46

virus that mediates transduction

Answer 46

vector

Question 47

saprophytic

Answer 47

live off dead organic matter | most fungi

Question 48

septa

Answer 48

fungi cell walls | made of chitin (polysaccharide, more resistant than cellulose)

Question 49

in their growing state, fungi consist of a tangled mass called ____ of multiply branchhed thread-like structures called ____

Answer 49

mycelium, hyphae (haploid)

Question 50

fungi

Answer 50

eukaryotic heterotrophs, spend most of lives in haploid state, can reproduce sexually or asexually

Question 51

spores

Answer 51

haploid, released by hyphae, give rise to new mycelia in asexual reproduction (spore formation not always via asexual)

Question 52

budding/cell fission

Answer 52

asexual reproduction, smaller cell pinches off from the single parent cell yeasts use this

Question 53

when sexual reproduction occurs in fungi, it is between....

Answer 53

between hyphae from two mycelia of different mating types + and _

Question 54

fungal reproduction: asexual when conditions ____, sexual when _____

Answer 54

asexual when conditions are good, sexual when conditions are tough