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MCAT Biology > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

capsid

A

protein coat of virus

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2
Q

viral envelope

A

most animal viruses, some plant viruses, very few bacterial viruses
lipid rich, borrowed from the membrane of their host cell or synthesized in the host cell cytoplasm

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3
Q

viruses never possess both ___ and ___

A

DNA and RNA

have one or the other

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4
Q

in a bacteriophage, nucleic acid normally injected through ____

A

the tail

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5
Q

lytic infection

A

virus commandeers cell’s reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses

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6
Q

latent period

A

period from infection to lysis

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7
Q

virulent virus

A

virus following the lytic cycle

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8
Q

lysogenic infection

A

viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome or if RNA virus with reverse transcriptase DNA is reverse transcribed and incorporated

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9
Q

temperate virus

A

virus in lysogenic cycle

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10
Q

provirus

A

viral DNA incorporated into host DNA
dormant or latent
prophage if host is bacterium

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11
Q

plus-strand RNA

A

proteins can be directly translated from the RNA

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12
Q

minus-strand RNA

A

complement to mRNA, must be transcribed to plus-RNA before translated

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13
Q

human body fights viral infections with…

A

antibodies which bind to a viral protein and cytotoxic T cells which destroy infected cells

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14
Q

vaccine

A

injection of antibodies or a nonpathogenic virus with the same capsid or envelope

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15
Q

carrier population

A

virus can thrive in other animals, can still reinfect human population

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16
Q

2 domains of prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

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17
Q

fixing CO2

A

reducing it a and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through the Calvin cycle

  • all microorganisms are capable to some degree
  • energy expensive
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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

capable of using CO2 as their only source of carbon

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19
Q

Heterotrophs

A

use preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon

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20
Q

phototrophs

A

organisms that use light as their energy source

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21
Q

chemotrophs

A

use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter

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22
Q

autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in their ___

A

source of Carbon

23
Q

fixing nitrogen

A

N2 converted to ammonia

24
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes

not enclosed by membrane

25
Q

cocci and bacilli

A

cocci - round
bacilli - rod shaped
2 major shapes of bacteria

26
Q

rigid, helically shaped bacteria

A

spirilla

27
Q

helically shaped bacteria, not rigid

A

spirochetes

28
Q

phospholipid composed of….

A

phosphate group, 2 fatty acid side chains, a glycerol backbone

amphipathic - phosphate group is polar, fatty acids nonpolar

29
Q

micelle

A

spherical structure that forms when amphipathic molecules placed in aq solution.
polar ends toward solution, nonpolar ends toward each other

30
Q

integral/intrinsic protein

A

amphipathic proteins that transverse the membrane from inside the cell to outside

31
Q

peripheral/extrinsic proteins

A

entirely on the surfaces of the membrane

ionically bonded to integral proteins or polar group of lipid

32
Q

aspects of a compound that affect its semipermeability

A

size and polarity
larger = less permeable
greater the polarity (or if has charge), less permeable

33
Q

as cell fills with water, filling stops when….

A

hydrostatic pressure = osmotic pressure

34
Q

bacterial cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

35
Q

gram + bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, prevents grams stain from leaking out
purple

36
Q

gram - bacteria

A

pink
thin peptidoglycan cell wall
2nd membrane outside cell wall

37
Q

flagella

A

long, hollow, rigid, helical, cylinders made from flagellin

rotate clockwise to propel bacteria

38
Q

forms of bacterial genetic recombination

A

conjugation, transformation, transduction, binary fission (asexual reproduction)

39
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction

results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

40
Q

plasmid

A

small circles of DNA that exist and replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

41
Q

F plasmid/fertility factor/F factor

A

bacterium with F factor is called F+

42
Q

R plasmid

A

donates resistance to certain antibiotics

43
Q

conjugation

A

requires that one of the bacterium have a plasmid with a gene that codes for the sex pilus
sex pilus connects 2 bacteria for passage of DNA from cell containing conjugative plasmid to cell that does not

44
Q

transformation

A

bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome

45
Q

transduction

A

bacteriopahage mistakenly encapsulates a DNA fragment of the host cell
when virons infect new bacteria, they inject harmless bacterial DNA fragments instead of viral DNA

46
Q

virus that mediates transduction

A

vector

47
Q

saprophytic

A

live off dead organic matter

most fungi

48
Q

septa

A

fungi cell walls

made of chitin (polysaccharide, more resistant than cellulose)

49
Q

in their growing state, fungi consist of a tangled mass called ____ of multiply branchhed thread-like structures called ____

A

mycelium, hyphae (haploid)

50
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic heterotrophs, spend most of lives in haploid state, can reproduce sexually or asexually

51
Q

spores

A

haploid, released by hyphae, give rise to new mycelia in asexual reproduction (spore formation not always via asexual)

52
Q

budding/cell fission

A

asexual reproduction, smaller cell pinches off from the single parent cell
yeasts use this

53
Q

when sexual reproduction occurs in fungi, it is between….

A

between hyphae from two mycelia of different mating types + and _

54
Q

fungal reproduction: asexual when conditions ____, sexual when _____

A

asexual when conditions are good, sexual when conditions are tough

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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