Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

exocrine vs. endocrine glands

A

exocrine: release enzymes to external environment through ducts
endocrine: release hormones directly into body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 basic chemistry types of hormones

A

peptide hormones, steroid hormones, tyrosine derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

all peptide hormones manufactured in the …

A

rough ER –> golgi –> secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intracellular second messenger

A

activates or deactivates enzyme and/or ion channels, hormone is first messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peptide hormones to know

A

anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, Prolactin
posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
PTH
pancreatic: glucagon, insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

steroid hormones derived from…

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

steroid hormones act at ____ level

A

transcription, can diffuse through cell membrane, combine with receptor in cytosol, into nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

steroid hormones to know

A

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of adrenal cortex: cortisol, aldosterone
gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tyrosine derivatives to know

A

thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

catecholamines formed in adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thyroid hormones diffuse into the ___

A

nucleus, increase transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

catecholamines act on…

A

act on receptors at the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anterior pituitary located ….

A

in the brain beneth the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hGH

A

human growth hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates growth in almost all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocoricoids (stress hormones) via 2nd messenger system
release of ACTH stimulated by stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates release of T3 and T4, increases thyroid size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prolactin

A

peptide hormone,

promotes lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oxytocin

A

peptide hormone, from posterior pituitary

uterine contractions, milk ejected from breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone
peptide hormone
causes collecting ducts of kidneys to be permeable to water, reducing amount of urine, concentrating urine
increases blood pressure (fluid is absorbed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adrenal glands

A

on top of kidneys

cortex:outside portion, only steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 types of steroid hormones secreted from adrenal cortex

A

mineral corticoids - affect electrolyte balance in blood

glucocorticoids - increase blood glucose concentration, fat and protein metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aldosterone

A

major mineral corticoid from adrenal cortex, steroid hormone
acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
increase in blood pressure from net gain in particles
*Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in collecting tubule of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cortisol

A

steroid hormone, major glucocorticoid
increase blood glucose levels by simulating gluconeogenesis in liver
degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids for energy
stress hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

catecholamines

A

tyrosine derivatives, in adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
vasoconstrictors of most internal organs and skin, vasodilators of skeletal muscle
fight or flights; stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thyroid hormones general effect

A

raise basal metabolic rate

25
Q

calcitoin

A

peptide hormone, released by thyroid gland

decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity and number

26
Q

calcitonin works in opposite direction of

A

PTH

27
Q

insulin works in opposite direction of

A

glucagon

28
Q

___ acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancrease

endocrine: insulin and glucagon
exocrine: digestive enzymes

29
Q

insluin

A

peptide hormone, released from B-cells of pancreas

lower blood glucose levels

30
Q

glucagon

A 
peptide hormone released by alpha-cells of pancreas
stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis in liver
raise blood glucose levels
31
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 attached at back of thyroid

32
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone
increase blood calcium, increases osteocycte absorption of calcium from bone, stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts
increases calcium and phosphate uptake from gut, increases renal reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate

33
Q

production of sperm occurs in the ___ ___ of the ___

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

34
Q

_____ in the seminiferous tubules arise from epithelial tissue to become spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa

A

spermatogonia

35
Q

Leydig cells release ____ when stimulated by LH

A

testosterone

36
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormone, testosterone

stimulates germ cells to become sperm

37
Q

spermatozoon carried to ____ to matures

A

epididymis

38
Q

semen composed of…

A

fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate, bublouretheral glands/Cowper’s glands

39
Q

zona pellucida

A

viscous substance around the egg, secreted by granulosa cells

40
Q

estradiol

A

type of estrogen
steroid hormone that prepares the uterine wall for pregnancy
inhibits LH
rises rapidly just before ovulation, causing increase in LH (luteal surge)

41
Q

luteal surege

A

dramatic increase in LH secretion just before ovulation
from positive feedback loop of rising estrogen levels
causes follicle to burst, releasing egg

42
Q

corpus luteum

A

remaining portion of the follicle after egg leaves

secretes estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy or until degrades into corpus albicans

43
Q

corpus albicans

A

after 2 weeks if no pregnancy, was corpus luteum

44
Q

ovum

A

after oocyte goes through second meiotic division and releases 2nd polar body
after sperm nucleus enters oocyte

45
Q

zygote

A

when nuclei of ovum and sperm fuse

46
Q

cleavage

A

begins while zygote is still in fallopian tube, goes through many cycles of of mitosis

47
Q

morula

A

when zygote is comprised of 8 or more cells

48
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball filled with fluid, 4 days after morula
lodges in uterus by implantation on 5th to 7th day after ovulation
made of embryonic stem cells

49
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

eggs secretes upon implantation
prevents degeneration of corpus luteum, maintains its secretion of estrogen and progesterone
in blood and urine is first outward sign of pregnancy

50
Q

placenta

A

takes over job of hormone secretion

formed from tissue of egg and mother

51
Q

determination

A

process where cell becomes committed to a specialized developmental path

52
Q

differentiation

A

specialization that occurs at the end of the development forming a specialized tissue cell

53
Q

gastrula

A

by gastrulation in 2nd week after fertilization

3 primary germ layers form (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

54
Q

ectodermal cells –>

A

skin epidermis, nails, tooth enamel, nervous system and sense organs

55
Q

endodermal cells –>

A

lining of digestive and respiratory tract, liver, pancreas, thyroid, thymus

56
Q

mesodermal cells –>

A

muscle, bone, blood vessels, heart, blood, gonads, kidneys, dermis of skin

57
Q

neurula

A

by neurulation

notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form neural plate

58
Q

induction occurs when….

A

one cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell type

59
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cells death

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions