The Endocrine System

Question 1

exocrine vs. endocrine glands

Answer 1

exocrine: release enzymes to external environment through ducts
endocrine: release hormones directly into body fluids

Question 2

3 basic chemistry types of hormones

Answer 2

peptide hormones, steroid hormones, tyrosine derivatives

Question 3

all peptide hormones manufactured in the …

Answer 3

rough ER –> golgi –> secretory vesicles

Question 4

intracellular second messenger

Answer 4

activates or deactivates enzyme and/or ion channels, hormone is first messenger

Question 5

peptide hormones to know

Answer 5

anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, Prolactin
posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
PTH
pancreatic: glucagon, insulin

Question 6

steroid hormones derived from…

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

steroid hormones act at ____ level

Answer 7

transcription, can diffuse through cell membrane, combine with receptor in cytosol, into nucleus

Question 8

steroid hormones to know

Answer 8

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of adrenal cortex: cortisol, aldosterone
gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 9

tyrosine derivatives to know

Answer 9

thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

catecholamines formed in adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 10

thyroid hormones diffuse into the ___

Answer 10

nucleus, increase transcription

Question 11

catecholamines act on…

Answer 11

act on receptors at the membrane

Question 12

anterior pituitary located ….

Answer 12

in the brain beneth the hypothalamus

Question 13

hGH

Answer 13

human growth hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates growth in almost all cells

Question 14

ACTH

Answer 14

adrenocorticotropic hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocoricoids (stress hormones) via 2nd messenger system
release of ACTH stimulated by stress

Question 15

TSH

Answer 15

thyroid stimulating hormone
peptide hormone
stimulates release of T3 and T4, increases thyroid size

Question 16

prolactin

Answer 16

peptide hormone,

promotes lactation

Question 17

oxytocin

Answer 17

peptide hormone, from posterior pituitary

uterine contractions, milk ejected from breasts

Question 18

ADH

Answer 18

antidiuretic hormone
peptide hormone
causes collecting ducts of kidneys to be permeable to water, reducing amount of urine, concentrating urine
increases blood pressure (fluid is absorbed)

Question 19

adrenal glands

Answer 19

on top of kidneys

cortex:outside portion, only steroid hormones

Question 20

2 types of steroid hormones secreted from adrenal cortex

Answer 20

mineral corticoids - affect electrolyte balance in blood

glucocorticoids - increase blood glucose concentration, fat and protein metabolism

Question 21

aldosterone

Answer 21

major mineral corticoid from adrenal cortex, steroid hormone
acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
increase in blood pressure from net gain in particles
*Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in collecting tubule of kidney

Question 22

cortisol

Answer 22

steroid hormone, major glucocorticoid
increase blood glucose levels by simulating gluconeogenesis in liver
degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids for energy
stress hormone

Question 23

catecholamines

Answer 23

tyrosine derivatives, in adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
vasoconstrictors of most internal organs and skin, vasodilators of skeletal muscle
fight or flights; stress hormones

Question 24

thyroid hormones general effect

Answer 24

raise basal metabolic rate

Question 25

calcitoin

Answer 25

peptide hormone, released by thyroid gland | decrease blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity and number

Question 26

calcitonin works in opposite direction of

Answer 26

PTH

Question 27

insulin works in opposite direction of

Answer 27

glucagon

Question 28

___ acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 28

pancrease endocrine: insulin and glucagon exocrine: digestive enzymes

Question 29

insluin

Answer 29

peptide hormone, released from B-cells of pancreas | lower blood glucose levels

Question 30

glucagon

Answer 30

``` peptide hormone released by alpha-cells of pancreas stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis in liver raise blood glucose levels ```

Question 31

parathyroid glands

Answer 31

4 attached at back of thyroid

Question 32

PTH

Answer 32

parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium, increases osteocycte absorption of calcium from bone, stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts increases calcium and phosphate uptake from gut, increases renal reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate

Question 33

production of sperm occurs in the ___ ___ of the ___

Answer 33

seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 34

_____ in the seminiferous tubules arise from epithelial tissue to become spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa

Answer 34

spermatogonia

Question 35

Leydig cells release ____ when stimulated by LH

Answer 35

testosterone

Question 36

androgen

Answer 36

male sex hormone, testosterone | stimulates germ cells to become sperm

Question 37

spermatozoon carried to ____ to matures

Answer 37

epididymis

Question 38

semen composed of...

Answer 38

fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate, bublouretheral glands/Cowper's glands

Question 39

zona pellucida

Answer 39

viscous substance around the egg, secreted by granulosa cells

Question 40

estradiol

Answer 40

type of estrogen steroid hormone that prepares the uterine wall for pregnancy inhibits LH rises rapidly just before ovulation, causing increase in LH (luteal surge)

Question 41

luteal surege

Answer 41

dramatic increase in LH secretion just before ovulation from positive feedback loop of rising estrogen levels causes follicle to burst, releasing egg

Question 42

corpus luteum

Answer 42

remaining portion of the follicle after egg leaves | secretes estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy or until degrades into corpus albicans

Question 43

corpus albicans

Answer 43

after 2 weeks if no pregnancy, was corpus luteum

Question 44

ovum

Answer 44

after oocyte goes through second meiotic division and releases 2nd polar body after sperm nucleus enters oocyte

Question 45

zygote

Answer 45

when nuclei of ovum and sperm fuse

Question 46

cleavage

Answer 46

begins while zygote is still in fallopian tube, goes through many cycles of of mitosis

Question 47

morula

Answer 47

when zygote is comprised of 8 or more cells

Question 48

blastocyst

Answer 48

hollow ball filled with fluid, 4 days after morula lodges in uterus by implantation on 5th to 7th day after ovulation made of embryonic stem cells

Question 49

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 49

eggs secretes upon implantation prevents degeneration of corpus luteum, maintains its secretion of estrogen and progesterone in blood and urine is first outward sign of pregnancy

Question 50

placenta

Answer 50

takes over job of hormone secretion | formed from tissue of egg and mother

Question 51

determination

Answer 51

process where cell becomes committed to a specialized developmental path

Question 52

differentiation

Answer 52

specialization that occurs at the end of the development forming a specialized tissue cell

Question 53

gastrula

Answer 53

by gastrulation in 2nd week after fertilization | 3 primary germ layers form (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Question 54

ectodermal cells -->

Answer 54

skin epidermis, nails, tooth enamel, nervous system and sense organs

Question 55

endodermal cells -->

Answer 55

lining of digestive and respiratory tract, liver, pancreas, thyroid, thymus

Question 56

mesodermal cells -->

Answer 56

muscle, bone, blood vessels, heart, blood, gonads, kidneys, dermis of skin

Question 57

neurula

Answer 57

by neurulation | notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form neural plate

Question 58

induction occurs when....

Answer 58

one cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell type

Question 59

apoptosis

Answer 59

programmed cells death