The Equine Head Flashcards
1
Q
palpable bony landmarks of the skull
A
- facial crest
- zygomatic arch
- supraorbital foramen
- nasoincisive notch
- infraorbital foramen
- mental foramen
- mandible
2
Q
facial crest
A
- origin of the master muscle
- transverse facial artery, nerve, and vein run just ventral to facial crest
3
Q
zygomatic arch
A
is fully bone in horse
4
Q
supraoribtal fissure
A
supraorbital nerve comes there here; block this for eye procedures; this is d to eye fairly medial
5
Q
nasoincicive notch
A
notch between nasal and incisive bones around hole in front of skull
6
Q
infraorbital foramen
A
this is in maxilla around level of end of facial crest; infraorbital nerve emerges from this
7
Q
mandible
A
- TMJ
- Ramus
- Vascular notch
8
Q
mental foramen
A
mental nerve emerges form this to provide sensory innervation to lower lip; block this for tooth stuff; this is in mandible v rostral
9
Q
vascular notch
A
this is pt of mandible where rounded pt of ramps turns into straight part of jaw bone; facial vein, artery, and parotid duct runs through here
10
Q
muscles of facial expression innervation
A
CN VII (facial nerve)
11
Q
muscles of facial expression
A
orbicularis occult, orbicularis iris, zygomaticus, levator nasolabialis, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, and buccinator
12
Q
muscles of mastications
A
masseter, temporalis, digastricus, medial and lateral pterygoid msucles
13
Q
muscles of mastication innervation
A
mandibular branch of the trig menial nerve (CN V) and digastrics gets additional motor innervation from facial nerve (CN VII)
14
Q
maseter
A
big muscle over cheek; attaches from facial crest to mandible
15
Q
termporalis
A
muscle of mastication on top of the head
16
Q
digastrics
A
muscle on back of chin; attaches to paracondylar process
17
Q
medial and lateral pterygoids
A
deep
18
Q
branches of facial nerve
A
- dorsal and ventral buccal branches
- auriculopalbepral branch
19
Q
dorsal and ventral buccal branches
A
- these are branches of CN VII
- these are visible crossing the surface of the masseter (mid masseter)
- arise as direct continuations of facial nerve emerging from under parotid gland
20
Q
what do dorsal and ventral buccal branches innervate
A
they are motor innervation to muscles of facial expression
21
Q
auriculopalpebral branch innervates
A
motor to eyelid
22
Q
trigeminal nerve ophthalmic division
A
branches into supraorbital nerve which is sensory to eyelid (medial canthus); this nerve emerges through supraorbital foramen
23
Q
trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve
A
infraorbital nerve is its continuation
- nerve is entirely sensory
- enters maxillary foramen and passes rostrally through infraorbital canal
24
Q
infraorbital nerve innervates
A
upper cheek teeth and gums; small branch continues w/ in bone for upper canine and incision teeth and their gums
25
trigeminal nerve mandibular branch
gives off inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve
26
inferior alveolar nerve location
- runs into mandibular foramen on medial side of mandible, passes rostrally w/ in mandibular canal; gives off mental nerve then continues w/ in bony canal
- one of the terminal branches of mandibular nerve
27
mental nerve
- emerges from mental foramen (which is deep to labii inferioris)
- arises from inferior alveolar nerve (one of terminal branches of mandibular nerve)
28
inferior alveolar nerve innervates
- w/ in mandibular canal gives off twigs to check teeth and gums
- after giving off mental nerve continues w/ in bony canal and supplies canine an incisor teeth and their gums
29
mental nerve innervates
lower lip
30
main blood supply to head
common carotid artery
31
first things to branch of common carotid
internal carotid and occipital arteries branch near level of wing of atlas
32
blood supply to brain
internal carotid and occipital arteries supply brain
33
common carotid after branching at wing of atlas
(branching at wing of atlas is internal carotid and occipital arteries branching off)
- common carotid becomes external carotid and gives off linguofacial artery
34
linguofacial artery
- travels on medial aspect of mandible giving off lingual artery
- when becomes lateral to mandible becomes facial artery
35
lingual artery
goes to tongue
36
facial artery
can be palpated at vascular notch of mandible; supplies rostral region of head
37
terminal branches of external carotid
- superficial temporal artery
| - maxillary artery
38
maxillary artery termination
infraorbital artery
39
transverse facial artery
comes from superficial temporal artery
40
vasculature of head
draw
41
arteries on head where you can take a pulse
- facial (under mandible, the one dad likes)
- masseteric (v superficial over masseter)
- transverse facial (the one by the eye)
42
masseteric artery relationship to dorsal and ventral buccal branches
it is ventral to d and v buccal branches
43
retromandibular fossa
- ventral to ear and cd to ramus and angle of mandible
44
retromandibular fossa contains
- Virborg's traingle
- guttural pouch
- parotid and mandibular salivary glands
- retropharyngeal and cr deep cervical LNs
- external jugular vein
- common carotid artery
- CN IX, V, XII
- thyroid gland
45
Viborg's triangle boundaries
- tendon of sternocephalicus
- ramus of mandible
- linguiofacial vein
46
guttural pouch location
w/ in vibrog's triangle
47
salivary glands of the head
- parotid and mandibular
48
parotid salivary gland location
- ventral to ear
| - occupies large part of retromandibular fossa
49
parotid salivary gland duct path
- travels w/ facial artery and vein medial to mandibule
- becomes ventrally located at vascular notch
- then travels lateral to mandible
50
parotid salivary gland drains to
opposite the upper 2nd or 3rd premolar
51
mandibular salivary gland
elongate; medial to parotid salivary gland and angle of mandible
52
mandibular salivary gland drains to
sublingual caruncle
53
lymph nodes horse (important ones)
- mandibular
- medial and lateral retropharyngeal
- parotid
- cr deep cervical
54
mandibular lymph nodes
the only normally palpable LNs in horse; md to mandible under chin
55
medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- medial retropharyngeal are associated with guttural pouch (on floor of guttural pouch) if these swell it can affect swallowing
- lie in lateral groove btwn pharynx and guttural pouch medial external carotid and linguofacial arteries, the digastrics, and the mandibular gland
- more rostral and ventral than lateral retropharyngeal LNs
56
lateral retropharyngeal lymph noes
- lie on cddorsal surface of guttural pouch near wing of atlas; close to internal carotid artery and vagosymp trunk (more cddorsal than medial retropharyngeal LNs)
57
parotid lymph nodes
at/ around base of ear
58
deep cervical LNs
- cr deep cervical, middle deep cerivcal, and cd deep cervical LNs
59
cr deep cervical LNs
around level of thyroid gland
60
retropharyngeal nodes drain
nearly all structures of dorso-cd part of head; lymph from parotid and mandibular LNs passes through them before reaching cr deep cervical LNs
61
important structures of nasal passages
- dorsal, middle, and ventral meatus
- dorsal and ventral nasal conchae
- ethmoid conchae/ turbinates
- choanae, nasopharynx, opening of auditory tube (guttural pouch)
- pharyngeal recess
62
meatus and conchae relationships
dorsal, middle, and ventral meatus divided by D and Ventral concha; there is a common meatus that is medial and runs between all 3 of the others (its vertical runs length of dorsal nasal meatus to ventral nasal meatus
63
ethmoid conchae/ turibates
at cd most aspect of nasal passages
64
choanae
translation from multiple meatuses to one nasopharynx
65
pharyngeal recess
tube can get stuck if you go too far
66
pass tube in
ventral nasal meatus because its big and you will miss ethmoid turbinates
67
conchae
the conchae are the scroll like/ folds things that are made of thin bone?
68
meatuses
passages?
69
guttural pouch is a
ventral diverticulum of auditory tube
70
fx of guttural pouch
beloved to cool arterial blood prior to it supplying the brain
71
parts of guttural pouch
there is pouch on either side of head and each pouch has medial and lateral compartment
72
medial and lateral compartment of guttural pouch divided by
stylohyoid bone
73
Boundaries of guttural pouches
- D boundary= base of cranium (PTB)
- V boundary- pharynx, medial retropharyngeal LNs, and proximal esophagus
- Cd boundary- atlantooccipital jt
- rostral extent- basisphenoid bone
- lateral boundary- digastrics and mandibular and parotid salivary glands
- medially- medial and lateral pouches divided by stylohyoid bone
74
important vessels and nerves going through guttural pouch
- ext and int carotid arteris
- cd auricular, superficial temporal, transverse facial, and maxillary arteries and veins
- CNs IX, X, XII (V, VII, XI v close by)
75
clinical correlates guttural pouch
- guttural pouch mycosis
- chondroids from strangles
- temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)
- Guttural pouch tymapny
76
guttural pouch mycosis
fungal infection in guttural pouch biggest risk of this dx is fatal epistaxis
77
chondroids from strangles infection
little pus balls; if they access in get collection of balls of pus in guttural pouch
78
temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)
- proliferation of stylohyoid bone; dnt know pathogenesis; biggest risk= pathogenic fx of this and then can have CN signs
79
guttural pouch tympany
- more common in younger animals, air builds up in guttural pouches get bulge where virbog's triangle is
80
cartilages of the larynx
- cricoid
- thyroid
- arytenoid
- epiglottis
81
intrinsic muscles of the larynx
- cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
- cricoarytenoideus lateralis
- thyroarytenoideus dorsalis
- cricothyroideus
- arytenoideus transversus
82
innervation of intrinsic muscles of the larynx motor
recurrent laryngeal nerve except of cricothyroideus which is innervated by cr laryngeal nerve
83
innervation of intrinsic muscles of larynx sensory
- primarily cr laryngeal nerve
| - recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation to mucosa cd to glottic cleft
84
primary blood supply to intrinsic laryngeal muscles
cr and cd laryngeal arteries, branches of cr thyroid artery
85
hyoid apparatus
consists of. bones that articulate with each other, larynx, and PTB
86
hyoid apparatus fx
suspends larynx and tongue
87
muscles that attach to hyoid apparatus
- sternothyroideus
- thyrohyoideus
- sternohyoideus
- omohyoideus
88
bones of hyoid apparatus
tympanohyoid -> stylohyoid -> remnant of epihyoid -> cerratohyoid -> lingual process of basihyoid -> thyrohyoid
89
most clinically relevant intrinsic muscle of larynx
cricoarytenoideus dorsals which abducts the arytenoids
90
Cerritohyoid
can take this away in case of THO
91
sinuses of horse
- frontal
- conchal (dorsal and ventral)
- maxillary (rostral and cd)
- Sphenopalatine sinus
92
frontal sinus extend
extends rostrally from level of tempromandibular joint to beyond rostral margin of orbit
93
frontal sinus continuous with
continuous rostrally with dorsal conchal sinus
94
conchocrontal sinus
continuous frontal and dorsal conchal sinuses
95
conchofrontal sinus communicates with
caudal maxillary sinus
96
conchofrontal sinus and caudal maxillary sinus communication
via the frontomaxillary opening
97
dorsal and ventral conchal sinuses separated from nasal cavity
by thin dorsal and ventral nasal concahe
98
dorsal conchal sinus communications/ continuous with
- continuous with frontal sinus
| - communicates with maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening
99
ventral conchal sinus communication
communicates with rostral maxillary sinus
100
maxillary sinus transversed by
infraorbital canal transverses this
101
maxillary sinus parts
rostral and cd which are separated by bony oblique septum
102
maxillary sinus communications
rostral and cd maxillary sinuses both communicate with middle nasal meatus via nasomaxillary opening
103
naso-maxillary opening
rostral and cd maxillary sinus communicate with middle nasal meatus via this opening
104
infraorbital canal
divides cd maxillary sinus into medial and lateral compartments
105
medial compartment cd maxillary sinus communicates with
sphenopalatine sinus
106
rostral maxillary sinus communicates with
ventral conchal sinus over infraorbital canal
107
caudal maxillary sinus communicates with
conchofrontal sinus via frontomaxillary opening
108
maxillary sinuses and teeth
tooth roots of last 3-4 cheek teeth project into maxillary sinuses especially in young animals and tooth root infections may result in unilateral sided discharge
109
sphenopalatine sinus location
sits cd ventral to ethmoid turbinates
110
sphenopalatine sinus communication
communicates with md compartment of cd maxillary sinus
111
deciduous teeth formula
303/303
112
permanent tooth formula
31(3)43/3133
113
clinical correlates maxillary sinus
tooth root infections/ extractions can result in drainage from nose b/c maxillary sinus and often swelling of maxillary sinus can open up max sinus to extract tooth
114
hyposdont teeth
continue to grow from alveolar even after occlusal surfaces are in contact (constant wear and eruption)
115
hyposodont tooth with age
growth is finite as animal ages and wears down its teeth alveolus is filled in and tooth pushed out toward the gingival surface
116
surfaces of individual tooth
lingual, buccal, and occlusal surfaces
117
lingual surface
contacts tongue
118
buccal surface
contacts mucosa of teeth
119
occlusal surface
contacts another tooth and provide the grinding surface
120
tooth types in horses
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
121
canine teeth in horses
canines usually absent or rudimentary in mares
122
wolf tooth
first upper premolar; may be removed bc thought to interfere with bit
123
first lower premolar
usually absent
124
deciduous incisor eruption time
1st deciduous incisors erupt at 6 days
2nd deciduous incisors erupt at 6 weeks
3rd deciduous incisors erupt at 6 months
125
permanent incisor eruption
1st permanent incisor eruption 2 1/2 yrs
2nd permanent incisor eruption 3 1/2 yrs
3rd permanent incisor eruption 4 1/2 yrs
126
deciduous vs permanent incisiors
deciduous incisors are shorter and have narrower neck than permanet
127
canine teeth erupt at
4-5 yrs
128
first permanent premolars erupt at
5-6 months
2nd at 2 1/2 yrs
3rd at 3 yrs
4th at 4 yrs
129
dental cup
- depression in infundibulum and filled with cementum
- located closest to lingual surface
- lost on 1st incisor 6yrs, 2nd at 7yrs, 3rd at 8 yrs
130
enamel spot
dental cup persists as enamel spot on lingual surface
131
dental star
depression on labial surface of incisors is indicative o appearance of pulp cavity and appearance on 1st incisor at 8yrs 2nd at 9 yrs 3rd at 10-11yrs
132
angle of incisors in horses
angle of incisors in profile decrease as horse ages
133
other changes for aging horses
- angle of incisors in profile decreases
- Galvayne's groove
- shape change (oval to round to triangle to oval)
134
oral cavity
cd border is glossopharyngeal arches
135
lingual tonsil location
on root of tongue and lateral to median glossoepiglotic fold mucosa thrown into irregular elevations w/ small orifices at their apices the deep furrows between elevations are crypts of lingual tonsils
136
parotid papilla location
this is where parotid salivary gland drains to this is opposite upper 2nd or 3rd premolar
137
palatine tonsil location
- long
| - lies lateral to root of tongue and cd to palatoglossal arch
