Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final > The Equine Head > Flashcards

The Equine Head Flashcards

1
Q

palpable bony landmarks of the skull

A
  • facial crest
  • zygomatic arch
  • supraorbital foramen
  • nasoincisive notch
  • infraorbital foramen
  • mental foramen
  • mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

facial crest

A
  • origin of the master muscle

- transverse facial artery, nerve, and vein run just ventral to facial crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

zygomatic arch

A

is fully bone in horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

supraoribtal fissure

A

supraorbital nerve comes there here; block this for eye procedures; this is d to eye fairly medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nasoincicive notch

A

notch between nasal and incisive bones around hole in front of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

this is in maxilla around level of end of facial crest; infraorbital nerve emerges from this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mandible

A
  • TMJ
  • Ramus
  • Vascular notch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mental foramen

A

mental nerve emerges form this to provide sensory innervation to lower lip; block this for tooth stuff; this is in mandible v rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vascular notch

A

this is pt of mandible where rounded pt of ramps turns into straight part of jaw bone; facial vein, artery, and parotid duct runs through here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

muscles of facial expression innervation

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

orbicularis occult, orbicularis iris, zygomaticus, levator nasolabialis, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, and buccinator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscles of mastications

A

masseter, temporalis, digastricus, medial and lateral pterygoid msucles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscles of mastication innervation

A

mandibular branch of the trig menial nerve (CN V) and digastrics gets additional motor innervation from facial nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

maseter

A

big muscle over cheek; attaches from facial crest to mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

termporalis

A

muscle of mastication on top of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

digastrics

A

muscle on back of chin; attaches to paracondylar process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

medial and lateral pterygoids

A

deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

branches of facial nerve

A
  • dorsal and ventral buccal branches

- auriculopalbepral branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dorsal and ventral buccal branches

A
  • these are branches of CN VII
  • these are visible crossing the surface of the masseter (mid masseter)
  • arise as direct continuations of facial nerve emerging from under parotid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do dorsal and ventral buccal branches innervate

A

they are motor innervation to muscles of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

auriculopalpebral branch innervates

A

motor to eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

trigeminal nerve ophthalmic division

A

branches into supraorbital nerve which is sensory to eyelid (medial canthus); this nerve emerges through supraorbital foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve

A

infraorbital nerve is its continuation

  • nerve is entirely sensory
  • enters maxillary foramen and passes rostrally through infraorbital canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

infraorbital nerve innervates

A

upper cheek teeth and gums; small branch continues w/ in bone for upper canine and incision teeth and their gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

trigeminal nerve mandibular branch

A

gives off inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

inferior alveolar nerve location

A
  • runs into mandibular foramen on medial side of mandible, passes rostrally w/ in mandibular canal; gives off mental nerve then continues w/ in bony canal
  • one of the terminal branches of mandibular nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mental nerve

A
  • emerges from mental foramen (which is deep to labii inferioris)
  • arises from inferior alveolar nerve (one of terminal branches of mandibular nerve)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

inferior alveolar nerve innervates

A
  • w/ in mandibular canal gives off twigs to check teeth and gums
  • after giving off mental nerve continues w/ in bony canal and supplies canine an incisor teeth and their gums
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

mental nerve innervates

A

lower lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

main blood supply to head

A

common carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

first things to branch of common carotid

A

internal carotid and occipital arteries branch near level of wing of atlas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

blood supply to brain

A

internal carotid and occipital arteries supply brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

common carotid after branching at wing of atlas

A

(branching at wing of atlas is internal carotid and occipital arteries branching off)
- common carotid becomes external carotid and gives off linguofacial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

linguofacial artery

A
  • travels on medial aspect of mandible giving off lingual artery
  • when becomes lateral to mandible becomes facial artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

lingual artery

A

goes to tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

facial artery

A

can be palpated at vascular notch of mandible; supplies rostral region of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

terminal branches of external carotid

A
  • superficial temporal artery

- maxillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

maxillary artery termination

A

infraorbital artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

transverse facial artery

A

comes from superficial temporal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

vasculature of head

A

draw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

arteries on head where you can take a pulse

A
  • facial (under mandible, the one dad likes)
  • masseteric (v superficial over masseter)
  • transverse facial (the one by the eye)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

masseteric artery relationship to dorsal and ventral buccal branches

A

it is ventral to d and v buccal branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

retromandibular fossa

A
  • ventral to ear and cd to ramus and angle of mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

retromandibular fossa contains

A
  • Virborg’s traingle
  • guttural pouch
  • parotid and mandibular salivary glands
  • retropharyngeal and cr deep cervical LNs
  • external jugular vein
  • common carotid artery
  • CN IX, V, XII
  • thyroid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Viborg’s triangle boundaries

A
  • tendon of sternocephalicus
  • ramus of mandible
  • linguiofacial vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

guttural pouch location

A

w/ in vibrog’s triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

salivary glands of the head

A
  • parotid and mandibular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

parotid salivary gland location

A
  • ventral to ear

- occupies large part of retromandibular fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

parotid salivary gland duct path

A
  • travels w/ facial artery and vein medial to mandibule
  • becomes ventrally located at vascular notch
  • then travels lateral to mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

parotid salivary gland drains to

A

opposite the upper 2nd or 3rd premolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

mandibular salivary gland

A

elongate; medial to parotid salivary gland and angle of mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

mandibular salivary gland drains to

A

sublingual caruncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

lymph nodes horse (important ones)

A
  • mandibular
  • medial and lateral retropharyngeal
  • parotid
  • cr deep cervical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

mandibular lymph nodes

A

the only normally palpable LNs in horse; md to mandible under chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes

A
  • medial retropharyngeal are associated with guttural pouch (on floor of guttural pouch) if these swell it can affect swallowing
  • lie in lateral groove btwn pharynx and guttural pouch medial external carotid and linguofacial arteries, the digastrics, and the mandibular gland
  • more rostral and ventral than lateral retropharyngeal LNs
56
Q

lateral retropharyngeal lymph noes

A
  • lie on cddorsal surface of guttural pouch near wing of atlas; close to internal carotid artery and vagosymp trunk (more cddorsal than medial retropharyngeal LNs)
57
Q

parotid lymph nodes

A

at/ around base of ear

58
Q

deep cervical LNs

A
  • cr deep cervical, middle deep cerivcal, and cd deep cervical LNs
59
Q

cr deep cervical LNs

A

around level of thyroid gland

60
Q

retropharyngeal nodes drain

A

nearly all structures of dorso-cd part of head; lymph from parotid and mandibular LNs passes through them before reaching cr deep cervical LNs

61
Q

important structures of nasal passages

A
  • dorsal, middle, and ventral meatus
  • dorsal and ventral nasal conchae
  • ethmoid conchae/ turbinates
  • choanae, nasopharynx, opening of auditory tube (guttural pouch)
  • pharyngeal recess
62
Q

meatus and conchae relationships

A

dorsal, middle, and ventral meatus divided by D and Ventral concha; there is a common meatus that is medial and runs between all 3 of the others (its vertical runs length of dorsal nasal meatus to ventral nasal meatus

63
Q

ethmoid conchae/ turibates

A

at cd most aspect of nasal passages

64
Q

choanae

A

translation from multiple meatuses to one nasopharynx

65
Q

pharyngeal recess

A

tube can get stuck if you go too far

66
Q

pass tube in

A

ventral nasal meatus because its big and you will miss ethmoid turbinates

67
Q

conchae

A

the conchae are the scroll like/ folds things that are made of thin bone?

68
Q

meatuses

A

passages?

69
Q

guttural pouch is a

A

ventral diverticulum of auditory tube

70
Q

fx of guttural pouch

A

beloved to cool arterial blood prior to it supplying the brain

71
Q

parts of guttural pouch

A

there is pouch on either side of head and each pouch has medial and lateral compartment

72
Q

medial and lateral compartment of guttural pouch divided by

A

stylohyoid bone

73
Q

Boundaries of guttural pouches

A
  • D boundary= base of cranium (PTB)
  • V boundary- pharynx, medial retropharyngeal LNs, and proximal esophagus
  • Cd boundary- atlantooccipital jt
  • rostral extent- basisphenoid bone
  • lateral boundary- digastrics and mandibular and parotid salivary glands
  • medially- medial and lateral pouches divided by stylohyoid bone
74
Q

important vessels and nerves going through guttural pouch

A
  • ext and int carotid arteris
  • cd auricular, superficial temporal, transverse facial, and maxillary arteries and veins
  • CNs IX, X, XII (V, VII, XI v close by)
75
Q

clinical correlates guttural pouch

A
  • guttural pouch mycosis
  • chondroids from strangles
  • temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)
  • Guttural pouch tymapny
76
Q

guttural pouch mycosis

A

fungal infection in guttural pouch biggest risk of this dx is fatal epistaxis

77
Q

chondroids from strangles infection

A

little pus balls; if they access in get collection of balls of pus in guttural pouch

78
Q

temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)

A
  • proliferation of stylohyoid bone; dnt know pathogenesis; biggest risk= pathogenic fx of this and then can have CN signs
79
Q

guttural pouch tympany

A
  • more common in younger animals, air builds up in guttural pouches get bulge where virbog’s triangle is
80
Q

cartilages of the larynx

A
  • cricoid
  • thyroid
  • arytenoid
  • epiglottis
81
Q

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
  • cricoarytenoideus lateralis
  • thyroarytenoideus dorsalis
  • cricothyroideus
  • arytenoideus transversus
82
Q

innervation of intrinsic muscles of the larynx motor

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve except of cricothyroideus which is innervated by cr laryngeal nerve

83
Q

innervation of intrinsic muscles of larynx sensory

A
  • primarily cr laryngeal nerve

- recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation to mucosa cd to glottic cleft

84
Q

primary blood supply to intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

cr and cd laryngeal arteries, branches of cr thyroid artery

85
Q

hyoid apparatus

A

consists of. bones that articulate with each other, larynx, and PTB

86
Q

hyoid apparatus fx

A

suspends larynx and tongue

87
Q

muscles that attach to hyoid apparatus

A
  • sternothyroideus
  • thyrohyoideus
  • sternohyoideus
  • omohyoideus
88
Q

bones of hyoid apparatus

A

tympanohyoid -> stylohyoid -> remnant of epihyoid -> cerratohyoid -> lingual process of basihyoid -> thyrohyoid

89
Q

most clinically relevant intrinsic muscle of larynx

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsals which abducts the arytenoids

90
Q

Cerritohyoid

A

can take this away in case of THO

91
Q

sinuses of horse

A
  • frontal
  • conchal (dorsal and ventral)
  • maxillary (rostral and cd)
  • Sphenopalatine sinus
92
Q

frontal sinus extend

A

extends rostrally from level of tempromandibular joint to beyond rostral margin of orbit

93
Q

frontal sinus continuous with

A

continuous rostrally with dorsal conchal sinus

94
Q

conchocrontal sinus

A

continuous frontal and dorsal conchal sinuses

95
Q

conchofrontal sinus communicates with

A

caudal maxillary sinus

96
Q

conchofrontal sinus and caudal maxillary sinus communication

A

via the frontomaxillary opening

97
Q

dorsal and ventral conchal sinuses separated from nasal cavity

A

by thin dorsal and ventral nasal concahe

98
Q

dorsal conchal sinus communications/ continuous with

A
  • continuous with frontal sinus

- communicates with maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening

99
Q

ventral conchal sinus communication

A

communicates with rostral maxillary sinus

100
Q

maxillary sinus transversed by

A

infraorbital canal transverses this

101
Q

maxillary sinus parts

A

rostral and cd which are separated by bony oblique septum

102
Q

maxillary sinus communications

A

rostral and cd maxillary sinuses both communicate with middle nasal meatus via nasomaxillary opening

103
Q

naso-maxillary opening

A

rostral and cd maxillary sinus communicate with middle nasal meatus via this opening

104
Q

infraorbital canal

A

divides cd maxillary sinus into medial and lateral compartments

105
Q

medial compartment cd maxillary sinus communicates with

A

sphenopalatine sinus

106
Q

rostral maxillary sinus communicates with

A

ventral conchal sinus over infraorbital canal

107
Q

caudal maxillary sinus communicates with

A

conchofrontal sinus via frontomaxillary opening

108
Q

maxillary sinuses and teeth

A

tooth roots of last 3-4 cheek teeth project into maxillary sinuses especially in young animals and tooth root infections may result in unilateral sided discharge

109
Q

sphenopalatine sinus location

A

sits cd ventral to ethmoid turbinates

110
Q

sphenopalatine sinus communication

A

communicates with md compartment of cd maxillary sinus

111
Q

deciduous teeth formula

A

303/303

112
Q

permanent tooth formula

A

31(3)43/3133

113
Q

clinical correlates maxillary sinus

A

tooth root infections/ extractions can result in drainage from nose b/c maxillary sinus and often swelling of maxillary sinus can open up max sinus to extract tooth

114
Q

hyposdont teeth

A

continue to grow from alveolar even after occlusal surfaces are in contact (constant wear and eruption)

115
Q

hyposodont tooth with age

A

growth is finite as animal ages and wears down its teeth alveolus is filled in and tooth pushed out toward the gingival surface

116
Q

surfaces of individual tooth

A

lingual, buccal, and occlusal surfaces

117
Q

lingual surface

A

contacts tongue

118
Q

buccal surface

A

contacts mucosa of teeth

119
Q

occlusal surface

A

contacts another tooth and provide the grinding surface

120
Q

tooth types in horses

A

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

121
Q

canine teeth in horses

A

canines usually absent or rudimentary in mares

122
Q

wolf tooth

A

first upper premolar; may be removed bc thought to interfere with bit

123
Q

first lower premolar

A

usually absent

124
Q

deciduous incisor eruption time

A

1st deciduous incisors erupt at 6 days
2nd deciduous incisors erupt at 6 weeks
3rd deciduous incisors erupt at 6 months

125
Q

permanent incisor eruption

A

1st permanent incisor eruption 2 1/2 yrs
2nd permanent incisor eruption 3 1/2 yrs
3rd permanent incisor eruption 4 1/2 yrs

126
Q

deciduous vs permanent incisiors

A

deciduous incisors are shorter and have narrower neck than permanet

127
Q

canine teeth erupt at

A

4-5 yrs

128
Q

first permanent premolars erupt at

A

5-6 months
2nd at 2 1/2 yrs
3rd at 3 yrs
4th at 4 yrs

129
Q

dental cup

A
  • depression in infundibulum and filled with cementum
  • located closest to lingual surface
  • lost on 1st incisor 6yrs, 2nd at 7yrs, 3rd at 8 yrs
130
Q

enamel spot

A

dental cup persists as enamel spot on lingual surface

131
Q

dental star

A

depression on labial surface of incisors is indicative o appearance of pulp cavity and appearance on 1st incisor at 8yrs 2nd at 9 yrs 3rd at 10-11yrs

132
Q

angle of incisors in horses

A

angle of incisors in profile decrease as horse ages

133
Q

other changes for aging horses

A
  • angle of incisors in profile decreases
  • Galvayne’s groove
  • shape change (oval to round to triangle to oval)
134
Q

oral cavity

A

cd border is glossopharyngeal arches

135
Q

lingual tonsil location

A

on root of tongue and lateral to median glossoepiglotic fold mucosa thrown into irregular elevations w/ small orifices at their apices the deep furrows between elevations are crypts of lingual tonsils

136
Q

parotid papilla location

A

this is where parotid salivary gland drains to this is opposite upper 2nd or 3rd premolar

137
Q

palatine tonsil location

A
  • long

- lies lateral to root of tongue and cd to palatoglossal arch

Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions