Equine Pelvic Limb Crus and Tarsus Flashcards
tibial tuberosity
patellar tendon attaches here
medial and lateral malleolus
OCDs; located just proximal to hock and lateral to distal intermediate ridge
distal intermediate ridge
located just proximal to hock medial to medial and lateral malleolus; OCDs
gastrocnemius
- supracondylar tuberosities (lat/ med) to calcanean tuber, main contributor to common calcanean tendon
- innervation- tibial nerve
- cd crus muscle
superficial digital flexor
- supracondylar fossa to P1 and P2; main contributor to common calcanean tendon
- innervation- tibial nerve
- cd crus muscle
deep digital flexor
-multiple heads from proximal tibia to plantar aspect of P3
innervation- tibial nerve
- cd crus muscle
cd crus muscles
gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF; all innervated by tibial neve
main contributors to calcanean tendon
gastrocnemius and SDF
cranial tibial
- cr tibia to fused 1/2 tarsal bones (cunean tendon or md branch of cr tibial) and metatarsal tuberosity (d branch with d branch of fibularis tertius)
- innervation common fibular (peroneal nerve)
- cr crus muscle
- medial branch = cunean tendon
fibulas (peroneus) tertius
- extensor fossa of distal femur with long digital extensor to metatarsal tuberosity (dorsal branch), other branches to other tarsal bones
- innervation common fibular (peroneal) nerve
- cr crus muscle
long digital extensor
- extensor fossa of distal femur with fibularis tertius to dorsal aspect P1/P2/P3 (joins with tendon of lateral digital extensor distal to tarsus)
- innervation common fibular (peroneal) nerve
- cr crus muscle
lateral digital extensor
- lateral collateral ligament
of stifle (and nearby tibia/ fibula) to dorsal aspect of P1/ P2/P3 (joins with tendon of long digital extensor distal to tarsus) - innervation common fibular (peroneal) nerve
- cr crus muscle
cr crus muscles
cranial tibial, peroneus tertius, long digital extensor, lateral digital extensor
- all innervated by common fibular (peroneal) nerve
what attaches to supracondylar fossa
superficial digital flexor
what attaches to supracondylar tuberosities
gastrocnemius
hock bones
proximal lateral: Calcaneus proximal medial: talus distal lateral: 4th tarsal bone medial central: central tarsal bone medial distal: fused T1 and T2 Middle of distal bones (ie between T4 and fused T1and 2): T3
calcaneus
- calcanean tuber
- sustentaculum tali
talus
medial and lateral trochlear ridges
contributors to calcanean tendon
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius (main contributor), and SDF (main contributor)
what attaches to calcanean tuber
gastrocnemius
what forms tarsal canal
T4, T3, central tarsal bone
what attaches to fused 1/2 tarsal bones
cr tibial
blood supply of hindlimb
- external iliac
2a. femoral
3a. popliteal
4a. cr tibial
5a. performating tarsal
6a. medial and lateral plantar metatarsal arteries
or
6aa. Dorsal metatarsal artery
or
- external iliac
2b. saphenous
3b. md and lateral plantar metatarsal arteries
innervation distal hindlimb
- sciatic nerve
2a. common fibular (cr crus muscles)
3a. superficial branch
or
3aa. deep branch -> dorsal metatarsal nerves
2b. tibial nerve
3b. plantar nerves ->
4b. plantar digital nerves
superficial branch off common fibular nerve
lateral digital extensor
skin
dorsal aspect of limb
dorsal metatarsal nerves
- come from deep branch of common fibular nerve which is branch of sciatic nerve
- medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves
- innervates hock joint
deep branch of common fibular nerve
- hock flexors and digit extensors
- gives off dorsal metatarsal nerves (which innervate hock joint)
plantar nerve-> plantar digital nerves
change at level of fetlock (medial and lateral plantar digital nerves)
plantar nerves
deep branch of lateral for plantar metatarsal nerves; innervates suspensory ligament
what has shared origin with fibularis tertius
long digital extensor (from extensor fossa of femur)
cunean tendon is
medial branch of cranial tibial
peroneus tertius and cr tibial
peroneus tertius forms ring like/ sleve like bifurcation which cranial tibial runs through and then bifurcates after; medial branch of this bifurcation is cunean tendon
reciprocal apparatus
components- superficial digital flexor and fibularis (peroneus) tertius
fx- tie the motion of the hock and stifle together (if flex stifle hock is flexed if stifle is extended the hock is extended too) with the ultimate goal of minimizing the energy expenditure of the animal that stands for long periods of time
rupture of the fibularis (peroneus) tertius
can extend hock with stifle still flexed; can heal with time; will see swelling on lateral side (b/c attachment of extensor fossa)
string halt
hock= affected= flexing bc long and lateral digital extensors and cr tibial and fibulas tertius (it hock flexors); usually this is b/c lateral digital extensor, can try tendon sx or if in Australia poisoness plant can cause this so so take them off pasture and they will get better
clinical correlates of reciprocal apparatus
rupture of fibularis (peroneus) tertius and stringhalt
tendon sheath of deep digital flexor tendon
medial side of limb at level of tarsus; distention of this tendonsheath is thoroughpin
long plantar ligament
lateral; curb= swelling of this ligament this is at level of hock but sometimes a little distal
joints of the tarsus
- tarsocrural joint (aka tibiotarsal joint or talocrural joint)
- talocalcaneal joint
- proximal intertarsal joint
- distal intertarsal joint
- tarsometatarsal joint
tibiotarsal joint
has largest degree of motion and multiple joint pouches
pouches:
- dorsomedial and dorsolateral
- plantarolateral and plantaromedial pouch
what divides dorsomedial and dorsolateral joint pouches
medial saphenous vein
tibiotarsal joint access
aka tarsocrural/ talocrural
- d med or d lat pouches can do plantar med or plantar lat pouches if worried about laceration of d aspect of limb (flush plantar ones to see if jt involvement in wound on d side ect.)
- d pouches are largest
distal intertarsal joint access
medial aspect of limb where; cr to cunean tendon
tarsometatarsal joint access
lateral aspect of limb proximal to head of splint bone
communications hock joints
tibiotarsal (aka tarsocrural aka talocrural), talocalcanean, proximal intertarsal= 100%
distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal= ~40%
how to access talocalcaneal and proximal intertarsal joints
go in through tibiotarsal joint which will communicate with them 100% of time
which hock jts most likely to develop arthritis
distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal
bog spavin
fusion/ filling tarsocrural joint
blood spavin
hematoma in cr branch md saphenous vein or blood in jt?
bone spavin
arthritis DIT and TMT
spavin test
flex hock/ put pressure on them to asses for increased lameness
tibiotarsal joint
capsule surrounds articulation of the tibia with the trochlea of the talus
talocalcaneal joint
between talus and calcaneus
proximal intertarsal joint
between talus and calcaneus proximally and central and 4th tarsal bones distally
distal intertarsal joint
includes articulation of central tarsal with T1+2 (fused) and T3 distally
tarsometatarsal joint
includes articulation between T1+2 (fused), T3, and T4 proximally and Mt2, Mt3, Mt4 distally; also includes articulations between the 3 metatarsal bones, between T1+2 (fused) and T3, and between T3 and T4
tarsus x-ray protocol
marker on film on dorsal most or lateral most surface of radiograph
view name vs surfaces profiled in a radiograph
views are named by direction the beam passes through the; the surfaces profiled in radiograph are opposite name of view
in lateral to medial radiograph which surfaces are in profile
dorsal and plantar surfaces
in dorsal to plantar radiograph which surfaces will be in profile
lateral and medial surfaces
lateral to medial radiograph what structures are you looking for
- cortex and medulla of sustentaculum tali
- maker on dorsal most surface (bc lateral most isn’t available)
dorsal to plantar radiograph what structures are you looking for
- calcaneus (good lateral marker)
- medial malleolus
- lateral malleolus
- marker on lateral most surface (bc dorsal most isn’t available)
oblique radiograph views of tarsus
- dorsomedial-plantarolateral (DMPLO)
- dorsolateral-plantaromedial (DLPMO)
DLPMO view direction of beam
dorsomedial-plantarolateral view
beam direction: dorsolateral-> plantaromedial
DLPMO view surfaces in profile
d-medial and plantar lateral (opposite the name of view)
what structures do we see on DLPMO view
structures located on dorsomedial and plantarolateral surfaces of tarsus
- distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
- large 4th tarsal bone
- medial trochlear ridge
DMPLO view direction of beam
dorsomedial-plantarolateral view
beam direction: dorsomedial -> plantarolateral
DMPLO view highlights what surfaces
Dorsolateral and plantaromedial (opposite name of view)
what structures do we see on DMPLO view
structures located on dorsolateral and plantaromedial sides of tarsus
- fused tarsal bone 1/2
- lateral trochlea of talus
- only view where sustentaculum tali of calcaneus isn’t superimposed on bone
stay apparatus of hindlimb
- reciprocal apparatus
- patellar locking mechanism
- check ligament?
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
rough area on distal 3rd of body of femur proximal to the lateral condyle and lateral to supracondylar fossa for attachment of lateral gastrocnemius
medial supracondylar tuberosity
rough area on distal 3rd of body of femur proximal to medial condyle for attachment of medial head of gastrocnemius
supracondylar fossa
depression of caudodistal aspect of the body of femur proximal to lateral condyle for origin of superficial digital flexor muscle
