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Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final > Equine Proximal Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Equine Proximal Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Notable bony prominences scapula

A 
scapular spine
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
scapular notch
supraglenoid tubercle
scapular cartilage
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2
Q

scapular spine

A

lateral aspect in middle of scapula

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3
Q

supraspinous fossa

A

on cr lateral aspect of scapula, supraspinatus attaches to this

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4
Q

infraspinous fossa

A

on cd lateral aspect of scapula, infraspinatus attaches to this

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5
Q

supraglenoid tubercle

A

cr scapula, wedge like, on thin side of scapula, adjacent to scapular notch
- biceps brachii attaches here

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6
Q

scapular notch

A

on dorsal aspect of scapula, cr, adjacent to superglenoid tubercle (starts around narrowing of scapula)

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7
Q

scapular cartilage

A

on dorsal aspect of scapula on wide end; can become ossified

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8
Q

notable bony landmarks of humerus

A

greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
intermediate tubercle
medial and lateral epicondyles

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9
Q

notable bony landmarks of radius

A

medial and lateral styloid processes

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10
Q

notable bony process of ulna

A
  • olecranon

- ulna is not complete in horse; the dorsal remnant of the the ulna is the lateral styloid process

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11
Q

greater tubercle of the humerus

A

lateral, has cr and cd part; cr part is pt of shoulder

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12
Q

lesser tubercle of the humerus

A

on medial side of humerus

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13
Q

intermediate tubercle of humerus

A

on dorsal aspect of humerus between greater and lesser tubercle

  • biceps runs through groove divided by this
  • teres major attaches here
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14
Q

what attaches to greater tubercle of the humerus

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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15
Q

what attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus

A

supraspinatus and subscapularis

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16
Q

medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

A

on the ventral aspect of the humerus; will see jutting out of bone that is fairly rounded this is epicondyle

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17
Q

what attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus

A

extensors of the carpus and digit

  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • common digital extensor
  • Lateral digital extensor
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • all innervated by radial nerve
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18
Q

what attaches to medial epicondyle of humerus

A

flexors of the carpus and digit

  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Superficial digital flexor
  • deep digital flexor
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • all innervated by mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves
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19
Q

medial and lateral styloid processes

A

bony prominences of the radius

  • on v surface (distal) of radius circular almost pointy looking bump of bone
  • distal attachment points lateral ligaments?
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20
Q

olecranon

A

triceps brachii inserts here; this is the elbow

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21
Q

deltoid tuberosity

A

lateral on humerus; located mid bone

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22
Q

what attaches to deltoid tuberosity

A

deltoideus; teres minor attaches just proximal to deltoid tuberosity

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23
Q

carpal bones

A

accessory carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, intermediate carpal bone, radial carpal bone, carpal bones 2,3, and 4

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24
Q

accessory carpal bone

A

located along back of carpus (cd aspect)

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25
Q

radial carpal bone

A

dorsal row, medial

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26
Q

intermediate carpal bone

A

dorsal row, between radial and ulnar carpal bones

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27
Q

ulnar carpal bone

A

dorsal row, lateral

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28
Q

carpal bones 2,3,4

A

2 v small v medial almost looks continuous with 3 grossly bt not on rad; 4th is lateral

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29
Q

what attaches to accessory carpal bone

A
  • extensor carpi ulnaris short tendon

- flexor carpi ulnaris distal attachment

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30
Q

blood supply hind limb

A
  1. axillary
    2a. subscapular
    2b. Brachial
    3b. Median
    4b. Medial and lateral palmar
    4bb. Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal
    5b. Medial and lateral palmar digital
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31
Q

suprascapular nerve

A

innervates muscles sitting cr to spine of scapula aka lateral shoulder stabilizers (supraspinatus and infraspinatus); dives between subscapularis and infraspinatus

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32
Q

axillary nerve

A

innervates shoulder flexors (teres major and deltoideus; also innervates teres minor which is lateral stabilizer of shoulder not flexor); dives between supscapularis and teres major

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33
Q

subscapular nerve

A

innervates subscapularis; stays on medial side of shoulder

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34
Q

musculocutaneous

A

innervates elbow flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis); travels down brachium

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35
Q

radial nerve

A

innervates elbow extensors (triceps brachii) and carpal and digital extensors (extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, extensor carpi ulnaris); weight bearing nerve of forelimb

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36
Q

median and ulnar nerves

A

innervate digital flexors (flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor)

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37
Q

innervation distal limb thoracic limb

A

median and ulnar nerves

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38
Q

median nerve

A
  1. Median nerve
    2a. Medial palmar nerve
    3a. Communicating branch
    2b. Lateral Palmar nerve
    3b. Deep branch
    4b. Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
    2c. Medial and lateral palmar digital nerves
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39
Q

ulnar nerve

A

palmar brach blends with lateral palmar nerve

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40
Q

components of the passive stay apparatus do what

A

Overall goal is minimal energy expenditure (ligaments and tendons, want to extend every jt not flex bc flex = buckled)

  1. Avoid shoulder flexion
  2. Avoid carpal and elbow flexion
  3. Avoid carpal overextension
  4. Avoid pastern and fetlock overextension
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41
Q

What structure(s) avoids shoulder flexion

A

-Biceps brachii tendon

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42
Q

what structure(s) avoid carpal and elbow flexion

A
  • Lacertus fibrosis
  • extensor carpi radialis
  • collateral ligaments
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43
Q

what structure(s) avoid carpal overextension

A
  • palmar carpal ligament
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44
Q

what structure(s) avoid pastern and fetlock overextension

A
  • suspensory apapratus

- check ligaments (proximal and distal)

45
Q

collateral ligaments that avoid carpal and elbow flexion

A

obliquely oriented; kind of lock (on cd surface of leg)

46
Q

palmar carpal ligament

A

avoids carpal overextension; on back of carpal bones; flexor retinaclum in palmar aspect of this

47
Q

check ligaments

A

avoid pastern and fetlock overextension; help with extension of carpus passively

  • proximal goes to SDF
  • Distal goes to DDR distal to carpus (this is the check ligament that gets injured)
48
Q

suspensory apparatus of the horse thoracic limb

A

prevents the pastern from buckling forward and the fetlock from dropping

49
Q

suspensory apparatus of horse components

A
  • body of suspensory
  • suspensory branches (medial and lateral)
  • extensor branches
  • distal sesamoidean ligaments
50
Q

body of suspensory

A

proximal aspect arises from dorsal row tarsal or carpal bones

51
Q

suspensory branches

A

medial and lateral

  • distal 1/3rd of canon bone
  • attach to proximal sesamoid bones
52
Q

extensor branches of suspensory

A
  • attach to extensor tendons
53
Q

distal sesamoidean ligaments

A

These are on palmar aspect

  • straight (attaches to P2)
  • oblique (attaches to P1)
  • cruciate (attaches sesamoids -> P1)
54
Q

Lateral stabilizers of shoulder

A

spuraspinatus (main), infraspinatus (main), and teres minor (minor)

  • supraspinatus and infraspinatus innervated by suprascapular nerve
  • teres minor innervated by axillary nerve
55
Q

supraspinatus attachments and innervation

A
  • supraspinous fossa to greater and lesser tubercles of humerus
56
Q

supraspinatus innervation

A

suprascapular nerve

57
Q

supraspinatus fx

A

lateral shoulder stabilizer, can extend shoulder

58
Q

infraspinatus attachments and innervatoin

A
  • infraspinous fossa to greater tubercle of the humerus

- innervation suprascapular nerve

59
Q

infraspinatus fx

A

lateral shoulder stablizer

60
Q

teres minor attachments and innervation

A
  • distal half of cd border of scapula (cd to infraspinatus) to just proximal to deltoid tuberosity
  • innervation axillary nerve
61
Q

teres minor fx

A

lateral shoulder stabilizer

62
Q

medial shoulder stabilizers

A

subscapularis; innervated by subscapular nerve

63
Q

subscapularis fx

A

medial shoulder stabilizer

64
Q

subscapularis attachments and innervaiton

A
  • subscaplular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus

- subscapular nerve

65
Q

shoulder flexors

A

teres major and deltoideus

innervated by axillary nerve

66
Q

teres major attachments and innervaiton

A
  • cd border of scapula to teres major tuberosity

- axillary nerve

67
Q

teres major fx

A

shoulder flexor

68
Q

deltoideus attachments and innervation

A
  • scapular spine and cd border of scapula (aponeurosis superficial to infraspinatus) to deltoid tuberosity
  • axillary nerve
69
Q

deltoideus fx

A

shoulder flexor

70
Q

shoulder extensors

A

supraspinatus, biceps brachii

71
Q

biceps brachii attachments and innervation

A
  • supraglenoid tubercle to proximal radisu
  • lacerates fibrosis (to ECR– attach at MC3 tuberosity on proximal dorsal aspect and helps with passive stay apparatus)
  • innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
72
Q

biceps brachii fx

A
  • shoulder extensor

- elbow flexor

73
Q

elbow flexors

A

biceps brachii and brachias

innervated by musculocutaneous nerve

74
Q

elbow extensors

A

triceps brachii innervated by radial nerve

75
Q

triceps brachii attachments and innervation

A

4 heads long, lateral, medial, and anconeus

  • long arises from caudal border of scapula, rest from proximal humerus
  • all insert on olecranon
  • innervation radial nerve
76
Q

triceps brachii fx

A

elbow extensor

77
Q

carpus/ digital extensors

A

all innervated by radial nerve, all proximal attachments lateral epicondyle of humerus

  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Common Digital extensor
  • Lateral digital extensor
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
78
Q

extensor carpi radialis attachments and innervation

A
  • lateral epicondyle of humerus -> MC3 (proximal dorsal aspect- MC tuberosity)
  • radial nerve
79
Q

common digital extenosor attachments and innervation

A
  • lateral epicondyle of humerus -> P1 (with LDE), P2 and P3 (with extensor process)
    radial nerve
80
Q

Lateral digital extensor attachment and innervation

A
  • lateral epicondyle of humerus -> P1 (with CDE)

- radial nerve

81
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • lateral epicondyle of humerus -> long and short tendons (long to proximal MC4, short to Ac bone)
  • radial nerve
82
Q

Extensor carpi radialis fx

A

carpal/ digital extensor

83
Q

common digital extensor fx

A

carpal/ digital extensor

84
Q

lateral digital extensor fx

A

carpal/ digital extensor

85
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris fx

A

carpal/ digital extensor

86
Q

Carpal/ digital flexors

A
  • mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves
  • proximal attachment for all is medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Superficial digital flexor
  • Deep digital flexor
  • Flexor Carpi radialis
87
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris attachments and innervation

A

medial epicondyle of humerus -> distal attachment to Ac bone

- mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves

88
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris fx

A

carpal/ digital flexor

89
Q

superficial digital flexor attachments and innervation

A

medial epicondyle of humerus -> P1 and P2

- mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves

90
Q

deep digital flexor attachments and innervation

A

medial epicondyle of humerus -> P3

- mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves

91
Q

superficial digital flexor fx

A

carpal/ digital flexor

92
Q

deep digital flexor fx

A

carpal/ digital flexor

93
Q

Flexor carpi radialis attachments and innervaiton

A

medial epicondyle of humerus -> proximal aspect of MC2

- mixed innervation from median and ulnar nerves

94
Q

flexor carpi radialis fx

A

carpal/ digital flexor

95
Q

degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD)

A

aka. EPSA; often in older horses likely multifactorial cause (genetic and enviornemtnal); pastern becomes horizontal to ground

96
Q

clinical signs degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis

A

lameness, frequently laying down, pain on palpation, swelling, stance to alleviate strain on ligament can’t stop this; manage for pain; see dropped fetlock

97
Q

proximal and/ or distal check ligament desmotomy

A

flexural deformities carpus, fetlock, usually cut check ligaments to alleviate strain; club foot at level of coffin jt, can have arthritis to D aspect of joint bc stand more up

98
Q

laminitis

A

lots causes; sensitive and insensitive lamina can become inflamed and loose connection and P3 rotates bc pulled by DDF which attaches to palmar aspect P3 sometimes cut DDF sometimes cut DDF to decrease pull and sometimes cut distal check ligament bc pulls on DDF so decrease pull here leads to decreased pull of DDF

99
Q

bicipital bursa

A

freely communicates with shoulder joint in small animals; separate synovial structure in lg animals bursa separate from shoulder jt

100
Q

arthrocentesis of shoulder joint

A

do it standing with 3-5 inch needle; palpate cr and cd its of greater tubercle, needle inserted at notch between two

101
Q

Sweeney

A

damage to suprascaplular nerve

102
Q

sweeney acute

A

lateral instability of shoulder; abduction

103
Q

sweeny chronic

A

atrophy of shoulder stabilizers (supra and infraspinatus)

104
Q

elbow joint components

A

md and lateral collateral ligaments flexors form md epicondyle and flexors from lateral epicondyle

105
Q

arthrocentesis of elbow joint

A

access on either side of lateral collateral ligament (palpate lateral epicondyle of humerus and lateral tuberosity of radius)

106
Q

nerves of brachial plexsus

A

suprascapular, subscapular, radial, median, ulnar, and axillary nerve

107
Q

radial nerve

A

accompanied by branch of deep brachial artery, winds around the humerus on cd border of brachial (is seen on medial and lateral sides of leg)

108
Q

median nerve path

A

cranial to medial collateral ligament; crosses radial artery obliquely and proximal to carpus divides into two terminal branches

Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final (15 decks)

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