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Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final > The Equine Distal Limb > Flashcards

The Equine Distal Limb Flashcards

1
Q

distal limb

A

part of the limb distal to the carpus or tarsus

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2
Q

digit

A

region distal to the fetlock

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3
Q

pastern

A

region between fetlock and foot

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4
Q

foot

A

region distal to coronary band

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5
Q

hoof

A

epidermal structures only

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6
Q

bony structures of the distal limb

A

metacarpus/metatarsus, proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx, proximal sesamoid bones, distal sesamoid bone

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7
Q

metacarpus/ metatarsus

A

Metacarpal bone 2= medial splint
Metacarpal bone 3= cannon bone
Metacarpal bone 4= lateral splint

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8
Q

proximal phalanx

A

P1= long pastern

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9
Q

middle phalanx

A

P2

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10
Q

distal phalanx

A

P3= coffin bone

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11
Q

proximal sesamoid bones

A

2; on palmar surface behind ankle joint

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12
Q

distal sesamoid bone

A

1; navicular bone

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13
Q

soft tissue structures of distal limb

A
  • Flexor tendons (SDFT,DDFT)
  • Interosseous (suspensory ligament)
  • Check ligament of DDFT
  • Collateral ligaments
  • Digital extensor tendon
  • Impar ligament
  • Collateral sesamoidean ligaments
  • Distal sesamoidean ligaments
  • Palmar ligament of fetlock joint (and others…)
  • Annular ligament (multiple components)
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14
Q

Check ligament of the DDFT

A

comes off palmar aspect of cannon bone in middle of cannon bone?

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15
Q

collateral ligaments

A

on either side of joints; md and lateral; there will be one to stabilize each joint of the digit

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16
Q

digital extensor tendon

A
  • forelimb has common (ends on P3, attaches to P1, P2, P3) and lateral (ends on P1)
  • Pelvic limb has combined long / lateral which come together and attach to P1, P2, P3
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17
Q

impar ligament

A

runs between navicular bone and P3

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18
Q

collateral sesamoidean ligaments

A

blend with collateral ligaments of pastern

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19
Q

distal sesamoidean ligaments

A

x, y, zs; oblique sesamoidean ligaments (on sides), straight sesamoidean ligament (one in middle of obliques), cruciate sesamoidean ligaments (x, deep)

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20
Q

annular ligament

A

has multiple components,

  • thickening of deep fascia
  • palmar annular ligament
  • proximal digital annular ligament
  • distal digital annular ligament
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21
Q

palmar ligaments of fetlock

A

on back of and between proximal sesamoid bones

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22
Q

synovial structures of distal limb

A
  • metacarpophalangeal joint
  • proximal interphalangeal joint
  • distal interphalangeal joint
  • navicular bursa
  • digital tendon sheath
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23
Q

metacarpophalangeal joint

A

ankel/ fetlock joint; has dorsal and palmar/ plantar pouches

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24
Q

proximal interphalangeal joint

A

pastern joint, has dorsal and palmar/ plantar pouches

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25
Q

distal interphalangeal joint

A

coffin joint; has dorsal and palmar/ plantar pouches

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26
Q

navicular bursa

A

formed between DDFT and navicular bone

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27
Q

digital tendon sheath

A

envelopes superficial and deep digital flexor tendons; deep to annular ligaments

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28
Q

palmar annular ligament

A
  • annular ligament of the fetlock joint

- found on palmar aspect and attaches to proximal sesamoid bones

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29
Q

proximal digital annular ligament

A
  • forms an x shape along the palmar aspect of the pastern and attaches to proximal and distal collateral tubercles of P1
  • distal attachment is shared with SDFT
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30
Q

distal digital annular ligament

A
  • runs over palmar surface of DDFT as tendon continues to attach to palmar aspect P3
  • distal annular ligament attaches on distal aspect P1 medially and laterally
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31
Q

regions of equine foot

A
  • wall (includes toe, quarters, heels)
  • sole
  • frog
  • bulb
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32
Q

epidermal components of foot

A
  • status externum
  • stratum medium
  • stratum internum
    • Hoof is epidermal structures of foot only**
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33
Q

stratum externum

A
  • periople proximally
  • thin layer of glossy horn distally
  • outermost layer
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34
Q

stratum medium

A
  • thickest part of hoof wall (Bulk of wall)
  • tends to be pigmented
  • composed of horn tubules
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35
Q

stratum internum

A
  • horny (epidermal or insensitive) laminae (non-pigmented)

- the horny laminae will interdigitate with dermal (sensitive) laminae

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36
Q

Dermal (Corium) components of foot

A
  • perioploic dermis
  • coronary dermis
  • laminar dermis
  • dermis of sole
  • dermis of the frog
37
Q

perioploic dermis

A

proximal

38
Q

coronary dermis

A

bulges out

39
Q

laminar dermis

A

longest; these get inflamed in laminitis

  • this is also called dermal (sensitive laminae)
  • the dermal laminae will interdigitate with horny laminae
40
Q

horn tubules

A
  • located in stratum medium layer of epidermis
  • arise from region of coronary dermis and run parallel to hoof wall
  • germinal layer of epidermis that overlies coronary dermis produces the horn tubules
41
Q

intertubular horn

A
  • produced by additional germinative epidermis proximally and contributes to filling the space around and between horn tunnels and interdigitation of dermal and epidermal laminae
42
Q

proximally muscles of hindlimb innervated by

A
  • obturator
  • femoral nerve
  • cr gluteal nerve
  • cd gluteal nerve
  • sciatic nerves
43
Q

proximal to stifle sciatic nerve

A

splits into common peroneal (fibular) and tibial nerves

44
Q

common peroneal (fibular) nerve continues down limb and _________ proximal to tarsus

A

divides into superficial an deep peroneal branches

45
Q

deep peroneal branches

A

into medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves

46
Q

medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves

A

provide innervation to dorsal aspect of limb to at least as far distal as the fetlock and potentially as far as the coronet

47
Q

tibial nerve splits

A

to medial and lateral plantar nerve

48
Q

lateral plantar nerve gives off

A

deep branch

49
Q

deep branch of lateral plantar nerve gives off

A

medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nerves

50
Q

medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nerve innervation continues

A

to level of fetlock

51
Q

medial and lateral plantar nerves continue to digit as

A

medial and lateral plantar digital nerves

52
Q

proximally muscles of forelimb are innervated by what nerves

A
  • subscapluar
  • suprascapular
  • axillary
  • musculocutaneous
  • radial
  • median
  • ulnar
53
Q

median nerve in distal limb

A

splits to form medial and lateral palmar nerves

54
Q

palmar branch of ulnar nerve

A

blends with lateral palmer nerve

55
Q

lateral palmar nerve gives off

A

deep branch

56
Q

deep branch of lateral palmar nerve

A

divides into medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves

57
Q

medial and lateral palmar nerves continue to digit as

A

medial and lateral palmar digital nerves

58
Q

what is the reason for the ring block in the hind limb vs the high and low 4 point block in the forelimb

A

medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves

59
Q

Peri-neural anestesia

A
  1. Palmar Digital Nerve Block
  2. Abaxial Sesamoid Nerve Block
  3. Low 4 Point Nerve Block
  4. High 4 Point Nerve Block
    For all 4 of these:
    - clean preparation
    - aim for superficial injections w/ in SQ tissue
    - Aspirate to make sure you don’t get blood
    - work distal to proximal
60
Q

Palmar digital nerve block regions desensitized

A
  1. heel
  2. navicular bone and associated ligaments ie
    2a. impair ligament
    2b. sesamoid ligaments
  3. coffin bone
    3a. and collateral ligaments
  4. Wings of coffin bone
  5. Portion of lamina
  6. Portion of coffin jt (potentially)
  7. Distal part of DDFT that attaches to P3
  8. Potentially could partially block pastern joint or totally block pastern jt (depending on amount of anesthetic injected)
61
Q

Palmar digital nerve blocks what nerve

A

palmar digital nerve

62
Q

Palmar digital nerve block needle location

A

needle inserted directly over the palpable neurovascular bundle located about 1cm proximal to cartilage of the foot; do this on medial and lateral side

63
Q

Abaxial sesamoid nerve block regions desensitized

A
  1. distal sesamoidean ligaments
  2. distal DDFT
  3. distal SDFT
  4. Pastern Jt
  5. Pastern Bone
  6. Coffin Jt
  7. All lamina
  8. Collateral ligaments of pastern joint
  9. Annular ligament (proximal and distal)
    * to test if this block has set in test D aspect of coronet
64
Q

nerves blocked in abaxial sesamoid nerve block

A

palmar digital neve (at level of fetlock)

* this type of block may also be called basisesamoid block*

65
Q

where is needle placed in abaxial sesamoid nerve block

A

base of proximal sesamoid bones over neurovascular bundle

66
Q

Low 4 point nerve block regions desensitized

A
  • Fetlock jt
  • collateral ligaments
  • distal suspensory ligament
  • sesamoid bones
  • intersesamoidean ligament
  • DDFT
  • SDFT
67
Q

Low 4 point nerve block nerves blocked

A

palmar metacarpal nerves; * in hind limb do low 6 bc of medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves*

68
Q

Low 4 point nerve block needle location

A

between suspensory and flexor tendons at level of metacarpus

69
Q

High 4 point nerve block regions desensitized

A

DDFT, SDFT, suspensory ligament, distal check ligament of DDFT, cannon bone

70
Q

High 4 point nerve block nerves blocked

A

palmar metacarpal nerves

* in hind limb do low 6 bc of medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves*

71
Q

high 4 point nerve block needle location

A

between flexor tendons and suspensory just axial to splint (distal to level of carpometacarpal joint)

72
Q

intra-articular anesthesia

A

can put anesthesia in limb joints

73
Q

why go IA

A
  • medicate
  • establish communication with a wound
  • obtain sample of fluid for analysis
  • intra-articular antestesia to establish source of horse’s lameness
74
Q

pouches of fetlock, pastern, and coffin joints

A

have dorsal and palmar (plantar) pouches both of which can be accessed clinically

75
Q

when inject coffin joint will

A
  • access dorsal pouch medial or lateral to tendon of common digital extensor
76
Q

pastern jt access

A
  • dorsal pouch is easiest point of access

- medial or lateral to tendon of common digital extensor

77
Q

what is desensitized when injecting coffin joint with IA anestesia

A

will numb coffin joint and associated soft tissue structures +/- navicular bone and bursa and associated soft tissue structures

78
Q

pastern joint palmar/ plantar pouch

A
  • close to region of PD nerve block
79
Q

structures desenstized by IA anesthesia into pastern joint

A
  • pastern joint and associated soft tissue structures
80
Q

equine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint; dorsal pouch

A

medial or lateral to tendon of common digital extensor

81
Q

equine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint palmar pouch

A

cranial to dorsal edge of lateral suspensory branch, cd to distal cannon bone, distal to distal end of the lateral splint

82
Q

structures desensitized by IA anesthesia in metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints

A

fetlock joint and associated soft tissue structures

83
Q

joints of the pelvic limb

A
  • hip
  • stifle
    a. femoropatellar
    b. medial and lateral femorotibial
  • tarsal joints
    a. tarsocrural
    b. tarsocalcaneal
    c. proximal and distal intertarsal
    d. tarsometatarsal
  • fetlock
  • pastern
  • coffin
84
Q

tendon sheaths of pelvic limb

A
  • tarsal canal (branch of DDFT)
  • Extensor tendon sheaths
  • Digital tendon sheaths
85
Q

Bursa of pelvic limb

A
  • trochanteric bursa
  • calcanean bursa
  • navicular bursa
86
Q

pelvic limb joints

A
  • shoulder
  • elbow
  • carpal joints
    a. radiocarpal
    b. middle carpal
    c. carpometacarpal
  • fetlock
  • pastern
  • coffin
87
Q

pelvic limb tendon sheaths

A
  • carpal canal
  • extensor tendon sheaths
  • digital tendon sheath
88
Q

pelvic limb bursa

A
  • infraspinatus bursa
  • bicipital bursa
  • bursa associated with corachobrachialis
  • navicular bursa

Equine Anatomy Midterm- Final (15 decks)

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