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Equine Anatomy > The Equine Abdomen Lecture > Flashcards

The Equine Abdomen Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Stomach

A

L sided; 9-11 IC spaces dorsally

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2
Q

What separates glandular and non glandular regions of the stomach

A

margo plicatus

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3
Q

mesenteries of stomach

A

greater omentum, lesser omentum, gastrospelenic ligament, gastrophrenic ligament

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4
Q

greater omentum

A

greater curvature of the stomach to ventral body wall

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5
Q

lesser omentum

A

lesser curvature of the stomach to liver?

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6
Q

gastrosplenic ligament

A

greater curvature of the stomach to spleen

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7
Q

gastrophrenic ligament

A

reflection stomach to diaphragm

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8
Q

small intestine

A

located largely on L side of horse; includes duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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9
Q

Duodenum

A

descending duodenum primarily on R; passes idly from R to L cd to root mesentery over base cecum then ascending duodenum passes cr on L side of mesentery to transition to jejunum v to l kidney

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10
Q

duodenum mesentery

A

medoduodenum

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11
Q

duodenal papilla

A

major duodenal papilla- opens into bile duct and pancreatic duct
minor duodenal papilla- accessory pancreatic duct

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12
Q

jejunum

A

transition from duodenum to jejunum v to l kindey

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13
Q

jejunum mesentery

A

mesojejunum= “the mesentery”

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14
Q

ileum

A

illeocecal junction and ileocecal fold

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15
Q

ileocecal junction

A

where ileum drops contents into cecum, important for tape worms -> motility issues -> ileum intercecepting into cecum

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16
Q

ileocecal fold

A

important sx landmark goes anti mesenteric side of ileum to tenia if can’t find this probably intercecepted

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17
Q

Large intestine

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

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18
Q

cecum

A

V large, predominantly R sided; has base body and apex, apex on V body wall

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19
Q

cecocolic orifice

A

associated with cecal flush

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20
Q

mesenteric of cecum

A

ileocecal fold and cecocolic fold

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21
Q

ileocecal fold

A

anti mesenteric surface of ileum to dorsal band of cecum (thin/ fragile)

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22
Q

cecocolic fold

A

lateral band of cecum to lateral free band of right ventral colon; thicker than ileocecal fold bc 2x connection of mesentery

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23
Q

ascending colon d attachment

A

no d attachment so can move -> colic

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24
Q

D anv V portions ascending colon connected by

A

mesocolon

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25
Q

Ascending colon components

A

RV colon -> sternal flexure -> LV colon -> pelvic flexure -> L D colon -> diaphragmatic flexure -> R D colon

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26
Q

transverse colon

A

v short, R D colon to transverse colon is cr to root of mesentery

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27
Q

descending colon

A

small colon; located in L paralumbar fossa

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28
Q

descending colon auscaltation

A

silent on auscaltation bc contains fecal balls

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29
Q

duodenocolic fold

A

ascending duodenum to small colon

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30
Q

Liver

A

mainly located on R side in 7-15th IC spaces

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31
Q

Lobes of liver

A

R, L, quadrate, caudate; NO GALL BLADDER

R lobe bigger

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32
Q

mesenteric attachments of liver

A

triangular ligaments, coronary ligaments, falciform ligaments

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33
Q

Right triangular ligament

A

attaches R lobe of liver to costal pt diaphragm

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34
Q

Left triangular ligament

A

attaches L lobe of liver to tendinous center diaphragm

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35
Q

coronary ligament

A

cr reflection at level of diaphrgam

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36
Q

falciform ligament

A

v full of fat, where umbilical vein headed to liver; runs from umbilical fissure (of liver) to umbilicus

37
Q

round ligament

A

is in free margin of falciform ligament, this is where vestige of fetal umbilical vein is located

38
Q

hepatoduodenal ligament

A

liver to duodenum; this is cd pt of lesser omentum, helps form cr border epiplic foramen

39
Q

spleen

A

located on L side, base last 3-4 ribs

40
Q

apex of spleen

A

ventral to 1/3rd of 9-12 IC spaces (b/c this on L do belly taps to R of midline to avoid)

41
Q

Mesenteric attachments of spleen

A

gastrospelic ligament, nephrospelic ligament, phrenicosplenic ligament

42
Q

gastrosplenic ligament

A

attaches hilus of spleen to greater curvature of stomach, blends with splenic ligaments dorsally and is continuous with greater omentum ventrally

43
Q

nephrosplenic ligament

A

spleen connected to L kidney

44
Q

phrenicosplenic ligament

A

double fold of peritoneum that connects thoracic diaphragm and spleen

45
Q

left kidney

A

left last; V to T 18- L 2/3

Mesenteric attachment- nephrosplenic ligaments (kidney to spleen, can palpate)

46
Q

right kidney

A

v to t17/t18 to L1; mesenteric attachments hepatorenal ligament (right)

47
Q

equine kidney

A

heart shaped, renal pelvis, terminal recess vs renal crest

48
Q

Right lobe pancreas

A

formed within dorsal mesogarsrium and located along descending duodenum

49
Q

right lobe pancreas duct

A

pancreatic duct via major duodenal papilla

50
Q

left lobe pancreas

A

formed within v mesogastrium and located close to stomach

51
Q

left lobe pancreas duct

A

accessory pancreatic duct via minor duodenal papilla

52
Q

colic and the ascending colon

A

has no dorsal attachment so it can move leading to colic

- pelvicc flexure and transverse colon both sites of diameter changes which can -> impactions

53
Q

pelvic flexure and colic

A

between LV and LD folon intra-luminal diameter changes drastically

54
Q

Transverse colon and colic

A

RD colon is short and goes into transverse colon cr to root mesentery which as intraluminal diameter change -> impactions

55
Q

taenia

A

longitudinal muscle fibers (bands)

56
Q

haustra

A

sacculations which contain circular muscle fibers (sacs)

57
Q

large colon taenia

A

cecum -> RVC -> LVC -> LDC -> RDC -> transverse colon -> descending colon (small colon)

444-1322 (Taneia)
+++—+ (Haustra)

58
Q

Blood supply Cecum

A

medial and lateral cecal arteries off ileocolic artery) off of cr mesenteric artery

59
Q

blood supply ventral colon

A

colic branch ileocolic artery off cr mesenteric artery

60
Q

blood supply dorsal colon

A

right colic branch ileocolic artery off cr mesenteric artery

61
Q

blood supply transverse

A

middle colic branch ileocolic artery off cr mesenteric artery

62
Q

Blood supply to small colon

A

L colic artery off of cd mesenteric artery

63
Q

blood supply to liver

A

fx- portal vein

structural- hepatic artery

64
Q

blood supply to spleen

A

splenic artery (branch off celiac artery)

65
Q

blood supply to kindey

A

renal artery (branch off aorta)

66
Q

epiploic foramen

A

allows for communication between peritoneal space and omental bursa; can end up with intestinal entrapment (generally jejunum)

67
Q

epiploic foramen boudnaries

A

Dorsal- cd vena cava and caudate process of caudate liver lobe
Cranial- hepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum)
Ventral- portal vein
Caudal- hepatic artery/ mesoduodenum

68
Q

Rectal palpation general

A

Moving clockwise starting L dorsal abdominal quadrant: cd border spleen in L dorsal abdominal quadrant, md to spleen, neophrosplenic ligament coursing from spleen to cd pole L kidney medially, aorta palpable D body wall, root mesentery and short portion of duodenum may be palpable, base cecum and some of medial cecal tenia (bands) palpable in R dorsal abdominal quadrant, pelvic flexure palpable in pelvic canal or just over bulimic brim, small colon palpable in L V and dorsal abdominal quadrant, SI usually only palpable in abdominal conditions but occasionally normally palpable

69
Q

Rectal palpation on L

A
  1. spleen
  2. cd pole L kidney
  3. L D/V colon
  4. Small colon
  5. +/- cd edge nephrosplenic ligament
  6. Jejunum
70
Q

Rectal palpation dorsally

A
  1. aorta
  2. iliacs
  3. +/- LNs
  4. Root mesentery
  5. Ovaries (female)
71
Q

Rectal palpation Right

A
  1. Cecum (base)

2. Descending duodenum

72
Q

Rectal palpation ventrally

A
  1. Uterus (female)
  2. Bladder
  3. Vaginal rings (male)
  4. Pelvic flexure
  5. Pelvic brim
73
Q

Common GI cases of colic Ascending (Large) colon

A

large colon impaction, large colon Volvos, nephrosplenic entrapment/ Left dorsal displacement, right dorsal displacement

74
Q

Small intestine

A

Epiploic entrapment, strangulating lipoma, mesenteric rent

75
Q

Large colon impaction

A

impaction bc accumulation dehydrated ingest; most common sites pelvic flexure (luminal diameter change and 180 degree turn) and transverse colon (not palpable on rectal bc cr to root mesentery)
can often treat with medical management

76
Q

Large colon volvus

A

aka large colon torsion; twist involves mesentery btwn D and V colons (mesocolon) (essentially D and V colons twist on themselves along mesocolon); twist usually at level cecocolic ligament disrupting blood flow to D and V colons; RDC moves towards body wall and V; RVC usually moves axially and dorsally; if viewed from back of horse colon moves clockwise

77
Q

large colon volvus steps and presentation

A

Volvos obstructs blood flow -> inability of ingest to move -> gas build up; fast onset uncotrlable pain; rectally may only get in a few inches and may feel gas and tight bands; sx is a must before colon dies from lack blood supply or gut ruptures; can be prone to twisting again bc things stretch

78
Q

large colon volvus causes

A

common after partition, rapid changes in feed, forage increases concentrate, impaction

79
Q

Nephrospleic entrapment/ Left dorsal displcement

A

L V and L D colons migrate dorsally and medially to become entrapped in space btwn spleen and L kidney in nephrosplenic space; colon rotates 180 degrees and moves so LV colon becomes dorsal to LD colon

80
Q

what happens in Left Dorsal Displacement aka nephrosplenic entraptment

A

weight of colon occludes blood flow to spleen via splenic vein -> engorvment of spleen; on rectal feel kidney, band of colon, spleen my displace dorsally

81
Q

treatment left dorsal displacement aka nephrosplenic entrapemtnet

A

Can treat with phenylephrine to cause vasoconstriction -> shrinkage in size of spleen and horse lunged vigorously to try to free colon from nephrosplenic space, but sx may ne necisary; may reoccur bc nephrosplenic ligament can stretch in which case can do sx to put mesh in space btwn spleen and cd pole l kidney and eliminate space where things get stuck (ablasian of nephrosplenic space)

82
Q

right dorsal displacement

A

colon displaced between cecum and body wall; pelvic flexure can move more cr and sternal and diaphragmatic flexures move cd and lie cd to cecum; pelvic flexure may move fly and to R then laterally around base of cecum; rectally feel bands going R -> L

83
Q

right dorsal displacement treatment

A

may resolve with medical tx, bumpy trailer ride, holding off feed ect, may require sx

84
Q

right dorsal displacement can lead to

A

pinching off SI -> reflux

85
Q

what can lead to right dorsal displacement

A

impaction -> displacement

86
Q

small intestine strangulation

A

strangulation of bowl results when blood supply to region of bowel is impaired; many causes including epiploic entrapment, strangulating lipoma, mesenteric rent

87
Q

epiploic entraptment

A

strangulation of loop of jejunum after it has passed through epiploic foramen, usually loop passes L to R and often -> greater omentum being torn; occasionally loop passes R -> L; entrapped loop swells with gas and becomes thickened due to vessel and lymphatic obstruction; clinical signs vary bc strangulated bowel remains in somewhat enclosed space

88
Q

strangulating lipoma

A

lipomas form in mesentery and can stretch mesentery to form long pedicle, pedunculate lipoma can wrap around piece SI or descending colon (less common) -> occlusion blood supply

89
Q

mesenteric rent

A

similar to epiploic entrapment in principle, piece jejunum may pass through rent (tear) in mesentery become gas distended and then ischemic as blood supply is compromised; requires sx to repair

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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