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Equine Anatomy > Superficial structures of the thorax > Flashcards

Superficial structures of the thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Named pleura

A

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, visceral

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2
Q

costal pleura

A

lines ribs

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3
Q

diaphragmatic

A

lines diaphragm

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4
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

lines mediastinum

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5
Q

visceral pleura

A

touches lungs

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6
Q

pericardium

A

Mediastinal parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium

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7
Q

surgeons pericardium

A

aka the pericardium: parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, mediastinal parietal pleura

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8
Q

cupula pleura

A

on both sides of cr mediastinum; where costal pleura reflects back and becomes mediastinal pleura; extends cr to 1st rib on R side

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9
Q

clinical significance cupula pleura

A

extends beyond 1st rib on R side so if horse injures itself here then it can -> pneumothorax

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10
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

cd to basal border of lung where costal and diaphragmatic pleura rest against each other

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11
Q

clinical significance costal diaphragmatic recess

A

try to enter abdominal cavity during expiration where this space is bigger

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12
Q

Lobation of equine lung

A

less distinct than dogs but R and L cr and cd lobes and R accessory lobe around cd vc; lobes connected by CT after tracheal bifurcation at 5th rib or IC space

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13
Q

location of cardiac notch

A

divides lung lobes crly and cdly

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14
Q

L cardiac notch

A

between 3rd and 6th rib

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15
Q

R cardiac notch

A

between 3rd and 4th IC space

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16
Q

Line of pleural reflection

A

divides pleural and peritoneal cavity; represents where costal parietal pleura reflects back to become diaphragmatic parietal pleura; closely follows attachements of diaphragm

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17
Q

line of pleural reflection landmarsk

A

starts 8-9th costal cartilage, curves dorsocaudally along rib cage to 18th rib; reflects cranially to end at 17th IC space

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18
Q

boundaries of basal border of the lung

A

triangle shape

  1. one side dorsal along back v to epaxial muscles
  2. one side line drawn from olecranon to junction scapular cartilage with scapula
  3. 6, 11 ,16: 6th costochondral junction, middle 11th rib, dorsal extend 16th rib
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19
Q

where to auscult lung field in relation to basal border of lung

A

3-4cm cr to this line

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20
Q

chambers of the heart

A

L atria, L ventricle, R atria, R ventricle; separated by AV valves

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21
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscles located in ventricles heart attach to cusps of AV valves via chord tendinae and contract preventing inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole

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22
Q

chordae tendinae

A

attach papillary muscles to AV vales

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23
Q

septomarginal bands

A

help transmit electrical signals down purkinje fibers

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24
Q

atrial surface of the heart

A

R side, subsinusosal IV groove

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25
Subsinusosal IV groove
on atrial surface (R side) of heart; contains R coronary artery, middle cardiac vein
26
Auricular surface of the heart
L side; Paraconal IV groove
27
paraconal IV groove
on auricular surface (L side) of heart; contains L coronary artery and great cardiac vein
28
sternopericardiac ligament
v large in horse; anchors fibrous pericardium to sternum
29
Cardiac embryonic remnants
ligamentum arteriosum and fossa ovalis
30
ligamentum arteriosum
remnant of ductus arterioles; L recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around ligament arteriosum
31
fossa ovalis
depression in R atrium of heart at level of intertribal septum (wall btwn L and R atrium); remnant of foramen ovale
32
abdominal cavity boundaries
cr: diaphragm cd: pelvic inlet dorsal: lumbar vertebrea and hypoxia muscles ventral: rectus abdominus muscle lateral: int and ext abd obliques and transversus abdominus
33
diaphragm attachments
``` cr extend can be up to 6th rib attachments: 1. Dorsally via crura v aspects T18- L4 2. medial aspect of ribs 9-18 3. ventrally to sternum ```
34
openings of diaphragm D -> V
1. aortic hiatus (aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct) 2. Esophageal hiatus (esophagus, D vagal trunk, V vagal trunk) 3. Caval foramen (cd vena cava)
35
4 major abdominal body wall muscles
external abdominal obiques, internal abdominal obliques, transversus abodminus, rectus abdominus
36
External abdominal obliques fiber direction
cd ventral
37
external abdominal obliques contribute to
external rectus sheath
38
external abdominal obliques attachments
tuber coxae, linea alba, prepubic tendon (mostly rectus but some contribution from ext abdominal oblique), lateral aspect of ribs from triceps to 18th rib
39
internal abdominal obliques attachnents
tuber coxae, dorsal part of inguinal ligament to last rib, costal cartilages, lines alba
40
internal abdominal obliques fiber direction
cr ventral
41
internal abdominal obliques continue to
cremaster muscle and external rectus sheath
42
transversus abdominus attachments
lumbar transverse process to medial surface costal cartilages and linea alba
43
transversus abdominus contributes to
internal rectus sheath
44
rectus abdominus attachments
cranially as far as rib 4 and xiphiod process to prepubic tendon
45
rectus abodminus fiber direction
cranially caudal
46
superficial inguinal ring
slit in aponeurosis of external abdominal obliques
47
deep inguinal ring boundaries
1. Inguinal ligament= cd boundary 2. Internal abdominal oblique= cd free edge of internal abdominal oblique makes boundary of deep inguinal ring 3. Rectus abodminus= medial boundary
48
what runs through the deep inguinal ring
external pudendal ___
49
abdominal wall muscle innervation sensory
receive innervation from D and V branches of spinal nerves T18-L2; test sensory innervation in thoracolumbar region via cutaneous reflex utilized in neuro exam, sensory info transmitted by D branches of segmental spinal nerves
50
abdominal wall muscles innervation motor
lateral thoracic nerve innervates cutaneous tunci | -> cutaneous muscle contraction; LMN cell bodies in T1 and C8
51
prepubic tendon rupture
gives massive sagging of belly b/c loose attachment of rectus tends to happen in older mares; can -> inability to give birth w/o assistance; horse with this should not be bred again bc can't birth foal without assistance; painful
52
abdominal wall hernia
can be congenital or acquired from trauma; chance of repair low in adults; painful
53
heave line
heaves= lung inflamation= equine asthma = issues breathing -> forced expiration with external abdominal oblique -> line where muscle and aponeurosis meet called heave line
54
Components of nuchal ligaments
funicular and lamellar portions
55
lamellar portion nuchal ligament
attached to CV; elastic fibers allow head to lower for grazing and raise with lower energy expenditure
56
funicular portion of nuchal ligament
2x cord of CT running dorsally, starts at ext. occipital protuberance and runs to withers caudally and continues as supraspinous ligament; helps horse support its head
57
supraspinous ligament
continuation of nuchal ligament form T4 to sacrum
58
bursae associated with nuchal ligament
cr nuchal bursa, cd nuchal bursa, supraspinous bursa; bursa formed dorsal to C1, C2, T2/T3 to minimize pressure as furnicular portion of nuchal ligament passes over bony provinces; bursa= synovial surface where ligament runs over bone; can become inflamed and infected
59
cr nuchal bursa
btwn nuchal ligament and C1
60
cd nuchal bursa
btwn funicular portion and C2
61
supraspinous bursa
over withers T2-T3
62
poll evil
cr and cd nuchal bursa inflamed/ infected
63
fistulous withers
supraspinous bursa inflamed/ infected
64
path of supraspinous ligament
before reaching withers supraspinous ligament widens at T4 and is continued on each side of midline by funiculars nuchal (yellow elastic cord which extends to skull); at withers funiculars wide and flat covering dorsal border of rhomboideus throacius; thoracolumbar fascia is thick hre
65
path thoracic lumbar fascia
origin is supraspinous ligament, thick around withers where it gives rise to dorsoscapular ligament from lateral surface continues to level of T1 where continued by splenius; gives off semispinalus capitis from its deep lamina
66
path dorsoscapular ligament
origin suprascapular ligament around withers, extends venture lateral to insert on deep surface of scapula where it interdigitates with elastic lamellae with scapular insertion serratus ventalis
67
clinical significance of line of pleura reflection
divides pleural and peritoneal cavities
68
how does the line of pleural reflection relate to the basal border of the lung
the line of pleural reflection is caudal to basal border or the lung?
69
intercostal nerves are
ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerves
70
intercostal neuromuscular bundle (vessels and nerves) location in association with each rib
follow caudal border or ribs
71
internal intercostal muscle fx and fiber direction
muscle of expiration; fibers run cranioventrally
72
external intercostal muscle fx and fiber direction
muscle of inspiration; fibers run caudoventrally

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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