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Equine Anatomy > Superficial structures of the thorax > Flashcards

Superficial structures of the thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Named pleura

A

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, visceral

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2
Q

costal pleura

A

lines ribs

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3
Q

diaphragmatic

A

lines diaphragm

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4
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

lines mediastinum

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5
Q

visceral pleura

A

touches lungs

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6
Q

pericardium

A

Mediastinal parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium

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7
Q

surgeons pericardium

A

aka the pericardium: parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, mediastinal parietal pleura

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8
Q

cupula pleura

A

on both sides of cr mediastinum; where costal pleura reflects back and becomes mediastinal pleura; extends cr to 1st rib on R side

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9
Q

clinical significance cupula pleura

A

extends beyond 1st rib on R side so if horse injures itself here then it can -> pneumothorax

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10
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

cd to basal border of lung where costal and diaphragmatic pleura rest against each other

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11
Q

clinical significance costal diaphragmatic recess

A

try to enter abdominal cavity during expiration where this space is bigger

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12
Q

Lobation of equine lung

A

less distinct than dogs but R and L cr and cd lobes and R accessory lobe around cd vc; lobes connected by CT after tracheal bifurcation at 5th rib or IC space

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13
Q

location of cardiac notch

A

divides lung lobes crly and cdly

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14
Q

L cardiac notch

A

between 3rd and 6th rib

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15
Q

R cardiac notch

A

between 3rd and 4th IC space

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16
Q

Line of pleural reflection

A

divides pleural and peritoneal cavity; represents where costal parietal pleura reflects back to become diaphragmatic parietal pleura; closely follows attachements of diaphragm

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17
Q

line of pleural reflection landmarsk

A

starts 8-9th costal cartilage, curves dorsocaudally along rib cage to 18th rib; reflects cranially to end at 17th IC space

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18
Q

boundaries of basal border of the lung

A

triangle shape

  1. one side dorsal along back v to epaxial muscles
  2. one side line drawn from olecranon to junction scapular cartilage with scapula
  3. 6, 11 ,16: 6th costochondral junction, middle 11th rib, dorsal extend 16th rib
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19
Q

where to auscult lung field in relation to basal border of lung

A

3-4cm cr to this line

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20
Q

chambers of the heart

A

L atria, L ventricle, R atria, R ventricle; separated by AV valves

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21
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscles located in ventricles heart attach to cusps of AV valves via chord tendinae and contract preventing inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole

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22
Q

chordae tendinae

A

attach papillary muscles to AV vales

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23
Q

septomarginal bands

A

help transmit electrical signals down purkinje fibers

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24
Q

atrial surface of the heart

A

R side, subsinusosal IV groove

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25
Q

Subsinusosal IV groove

A

on atrial surface (R side) of heart; contains R coronary artery, middle cardiac vein

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26
Q

Auricular surface of the heart

A

L side; Paraconal IV groove

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27
Q

paraconal IV groove

A

on auricular surface (L side) of heart; contains L coronary artery and great cardiac vein

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28
Q

sternopericardiac ligament

A

v large in horse; anchors fibrous pericardium to sternum

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29
Q

Cardiac embryonic remnants

A

ligamentum arteriosum and fossa ovalis

30
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

remnant of ductus arterioles; L recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around ligament arteriosum

31
Q

fossa ovalis

A

depression in R atrium of heart at level of intertribal septum (wall btwn L and R atrium); remnant of foramen ovale

32
Q

abdominal cavity boundaries

A

cr: diaphragm
cd: pelvic inlet
dorsal: lumbar vertebrea and hypoxia muscles
ventral: rectus abdominus muscle
lateral: int and ext abd obliques and transversus abdominus

33
Q

diaphragm attachments

A 
cr extend can be up to 6th rib
attachments:
1. Dorsally via crura v aspects T18- L4
2. medial aspect of ribs 9-18
3. ventrally to sternum
34
Q

openings of diaphragm D -> V

A
  1. aortic hiatus (aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct)
  2. Esophageal hiatus (esophagus, D vagal trunk, V vagal trunk)
  3. Caval foramen (cd vena cava)
35
Q

4 major abdominal body wall muscles

A

external abdominal obiques, internal abdominal obliques, transversus abodminus, rectus abdominus

36
Q

External abdominal obliques fiber direction

A

cd ventral

37
Q

external abdominal obliques contribute to

A

external rectus sheath

38
Q

external abdominal obliques attachments

A

tuber coxae, linea alba, prepubic tendon (mostly rectus but some contribution from ext abdominal oblique), lateral aspect of ribs from triceps to 18th rib

39
Q

internal abdominal obliques attachnents

A

tuber coxae, dorsal part of inguinal ligament to last rib, costal cartilages, lines alba

40
Q

internal abdominal obliques fiber direction

A

cr ventral

41
Q

internal abdominal obliques continue to

A

cremaster muscle and external rectus sheath

42
Q

transversus abdominus attachments

A

lumbar transverse process to medial surface costal cartilages and linea alba

43
Q

transversus abdominus contributes to

A

internal rectus sheath

44
Q

rectus abdominus attachments

A

cranially as far as rib 4 and xiphiod process to prepubic tendon

45
Q

rectus abodminus fiber direction

A

cranially caudal

46
Q

superficial inguinal ring

A

slit in aponeurosis of external abdominal obliques

47
Q

deep inguinal ring boundaries

A
  1. Inguinal ligament= cd boundary
  2. Internal abdominal oblique= cd free edge of internal abdominal oblique makes boundary of deep inguinal ring
  3. Rectus abodminus= medial boundary
48
Q

what runs through the deep inguinal ring

A

external pudendal ___

49
Q

abdominal wall muscle innervation sensory

A

receive innervation from D and V branches of spinal nerves T18-L2; test sensory innervation in thoracolumbar region via cutaneous reflex utilized in neuro exam, sensory info transmitted by D branches of segmental spinal nerves

50
Q

abdominal wall muscles innervation motor

A

lateral thoracic nerve innervates cutaneous tunci

-> cutaneous muscle contraction; LMN cell bodies in T1 and C8

51
Q

prepubic tendon rupture

A

gives massive sagging of belly b/c loose attachment of rectus tends to happen in older mares; can -> inability to give birth w/o assistance; horse with this should not be bred again bc can’t birth foal without assistance; painful

52
Q

abdominal wall hernia

A

can be congenital or acquired from trauma; chance of repair low in adults; painful

53
Q

heave line

A

heaves= lung inflamation= equine asthma = issues breathing -> forced expiration with external abdominal oblique -> line where muscle and aponeurosis meet called heave line

54
Q

Components of nuchal ligaments

A

funicular and lamellar portions

55
Q

lamellar portion nuchal ligament

A

attached to CV; elastic fibers allow head to lower for grazing and raise with lower energy expenditure

56
Q

funicular portion of nuchal ligament

A

2x cord of CT running dorsally, starts at ext. occipital protuberance and runs to withers caudally and continues as supraspinous ligament; helps horse support its head

57
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

continuation of nuchal ligament form T4 to sacrum

58
Q

bursae associated with nuchal ligament

A

cr nuchal bursa, cd nuchal bursa, supraspinous bursa; bursa formed dorsal to C1, C2, T2/T3 to minimize pressure as furnicular portion of nuchal ligament passes over bony provinces; bursa= synovial surface where ligament runs over bone; can become inflamed and infected

59
Q

cr nuchal bursa

A

btwn nuchal ligament and C1

60
Q

cd nuchal bursa

A

btwn funicular portion and C2

61
Q

supraspinous bursa

A

over withers T2-T3

62
Q

poll evil

A

cr and cd nuchal bursa inflamed/ infected

63
Q

fistulous withers

A

supraspinous bursa inflamed/ infected

64
Q

path of supraspinous ligament

A

before reaching withers supraspinous ligament widens at T4 and is continued on each side of midline by funiculars nuchal (yellow elastic cord which extends to skull); at withers funiculars wide and flat covering dorsal border of rhomboideus throacius; thoracolumbar fascia is thick hre

65
Q

path thoracic lumbar fascia

A

origin is supraspinous ligament, thick around withers where it gives rise to dorsoscapular ligament from lateral surface continues to level of T1 where continued by splenius; gives off semispinalus capitis from its deep lamina

66
Q

path dorsoscapular ligament

A

origin suprascapular ligament around withers, extends venture lateral to insert on deep surface of scapula where it interdigitates with elastic lamellae with scapular insertion serratus ventalis

67
Q

clinical significance of line of pleura reflection

A

divides pleural and peritoneal cavities

68
Q

how does the line of pleural reflection relate to the basal border of the lung

A

the line of pleural reflection is caudal to basal border or the lung?

69
Q

intercostal nerves are

A

ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerves

70
Q

intercostal neuromuscular bundle (vessels and nerves) location in association with each rib

A

follow caudal border or ribs

71
Q

internal intercostal muscle fx and fiber direction

A

muscle of expiration; fibers run cranioventrally

72
Q

external intercostal muscle fx and fiber direction

A

muscle of inspiration; fibers run caudoventrally

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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