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Equine Anatomy > Equine Neck > Flashcards

Equine Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are palpable in neck of horse

A
  1. Point of shoulder
  2. Scapular spine
  3. Scapular cartilage
  4. Withers
  5. Trachea
  6. Manubrium
  7. Crest of Neck
  8. Angle of mandible
  9. Poll
  10. Thyroid gland
  11. Cervical vertebrae (wing of atlas palpable)
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2
Q

suprascapular nerve horse

A

prone to injury because horses lack acromion leaving it more exposed and more likely to be injured

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3
Q

where do you palpate point of shoulder

A

cr division greater tubercle of the humerus

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4
Q

where do you palpate scapular cartilage

A

btwn spine of scapula and withers

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5
Q

What are the withers

A

correspond to spinous processes T2-T8

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6
Q

Where is trachea located/ palpable

A

ventral in neck

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7
Q

what is manubrium

A

cr most aspect of sternum

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8
Q

where is crest of the neck located

A

dorsal to vertebra, contains fat

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9
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

proximal 1/3 of neck cd to larynx and dorsolateral to trachea, moveable, bilobed

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10
Q

AO joint

A

located between atlas and skull; CSF tap uses AO jt by flexing head toward limb to access it, usually go in C1 or C2

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11
Q

pectoral grooves

A

lateral and median pectoral grooves

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12
Q

Median pectoral groove boundaries

A

descending component of superficial pectoral muscles bilaterally

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13
Q

Median pectoral groove clinical significance

A

Manubrium is palpable at proximal most aspect of groove, can use to find sternum for bone marrow aspiration

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14
Q

Lateral pectoral groove boundaries

A

medial- deciding component of superficial pectoral muscle

lateral- brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

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15
Q

What lies in lateral pectoral groove

A
  1. Cephalic vein

2. Branch of superficial cervical artery

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16
Q

Clinical application pectoral grooves

A

avoid vessels in lateral pectoral groove when using pecs for IM shots; hold thumb in median groove and index finger in lateral groove and give shot in middle

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17
Q

Location of dorsal branch accessory nerve

A

runs between omotransversarius (dorsal border) and trapezius

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18
Q

dorsal branch accessory nerve innervates

A

provides motor innervation to trapezius and splenius

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19
Q

location ventral branch accessory nerve

A

runs deep to wing of atlas and converges with ventral branch C1

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20
Q

ventral branch accessory nerve innervates

A

provides motor innervation to sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)

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21
Q

general path of accessory nerve

A

exists skull via tympanooccupital fissure; dorsal and ventral branch diverge close to C1

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22
Q

draw and label basic spinal nerve

A

DR -> DRG -> SN -> DB -> medial branch DB or lateral branch DB
VR -> SN -> VB
SN -> CB

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23
Q

medial branch of DB

A

Dorsal cutaneous branch in cervical region

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24
Q

lateral branch of DB

A

dorsal cutaneous branch in thoracic and lumbar regions

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25
Q

boundaries of virbog’s triangle

A
  1. Tendon of sternocephalicus
  2. Ramus of mandible
  3. Linguofacial vein
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26
Q

Boundaries of jugular groove

A

Dorsal: brachiocephalicus (cleidomastoideus)
ventral: sternocephalicus
Medial: cr 1/3 neck bounded by omohyoideus
Lateral: Cd 2/3 of neck cutaneous coli

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27
Q

Clinical significance omohyoideus and jugular groove

A

separates ext jug from deeper carotid sheath -> lower chance IV medication going into artery so give IV shots in cr 1/3 neck in horses

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28
Q

clinical significance of cutaneous coli

A

can make it hard to raise jugular vein if muscle is contracted

29
Q

Carotid sheath formed by

A

deep cervical fascia

30
Q

boundaries of carotid sheath

A
  1. Deep to omohyoideus cr 1/3 of neck
  2. lateral to deep fascia of esophagus
  3. Bounded ventrally by trachea?
  4. bounded dorsally by longs Colli and scalenus?
31
Q

Contents of carotid sheath

A
  1. Common carotid artery
  2. Vagosympathetic trunk
  3. Tracheal duct
  4. +/- recurrent laryngeal nerve
  5. +/- internal jug
32
Q

Components of nuchal ligament

A

Funicular and lamellar portion

33
Q

Lamellar portion nuchal ligament

A

attached to cervical vertebrea; elastic fibers allow head to lower for grazing and raise with lower energy expendature

34
Q

Funicular portion of nuchal ligament

A

double cord of CT running dorsally; starts at external occipital protuberance and runs to withers caudally and continues as supraspinous ligament

35
Q

Bursae

A

synovial surface where ligament runs over bone, can become inflamed and infected

36
Q

nuchal bursae

A

formed dorsal to C1, C2, and T2/T3 to minimize pressure as funicular portion of nuchal ligament passes over bony prominences

Cr nuchal bursae, Cd nuchal bursae, supraspinous bursae

37
Q

cr nuchal bursae

A

between nuchal ligament and C1

38
Q

cd nuchal bursae

A

between nuchal ligament and C2

39
Q

supraspinous bursae

A

over withers (T2-T3)

40
Q

Dorsoscapular ligament location

A

arises from supraspinous ligament over withers and inserts on medial aspect of scapula along with serratus ventralis

41
Q

dorsoscapular ligament function

A

shock absorber when hoof hits the ground, limits dorsal shift of scapula

42
Q

Major lymph nodes found in neck and associated with thorax

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes and deep cervical lymph nodes (cranial deep cervical lymph nodes, middle cervical lymph nodes, and caudal cervical lymph nodes)

43
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes location

A
  1. cr aspect of scapula along cr edge of subclavius
  2. deep to omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus
  3. superficial to omohyoideus
44
Q

superficial cervical lymph nodes filter lymph from

A

neck, thorax, shoulder, arm

45
Q

superficial cervical lymph nodes send efferents to

A

cd deep cervical LNs

46
Q

Cd deep cervical LN location

A

base of thoracic inlet

47
Q

structures nearby superficial cervical LNs

A

branch of superficial cervical artery is in close association

48
Q

components deep cervical LNs

A

cranial, middle, caudal

49
Q

Cr deep cervical LN location

A

between common carotid artery and thyroid gland

50
Q

cr deep cervical LNs receive lymph from

A

mandibular and retropharyngeal LNs of head

51
Q

cr deep cervical LNs send efferents to

A

middle deep cervical LNs then to cd deep cervical LNs

52
Q

structures nearby cd deep cervical LNs

A

superficial cervical LNs and cr mediastinal LNs

53
Q

course of the esophagus in neck

A

esophagus dorsal to trachea in cr portion of neck then moves to L of trachea

54
Q

esophagus enclosed in

A

envelope of deep fascia

55
Q

wall of esophagus

A

2 layers of striated muscle and tough longitudinally folded mucosa, striated muscle ends at base of heart

56
Q

how can infection in deep cervical fascia affect other areas of body

A

deep cervical fascia is continuous with end-thoracic fascia so if an infection in deep cervical fascia spreads then I t can be spread to thorax where it is harder to control

57
Q

Palpable LNs in horses

A

Mandibular?

58
Q

superficial neck muscles

A

splenius, trapezius, omotransversarius, brachiocephalicus, sternocephalicus, serratus ventralis, omohyoideus

59
Q

deep neck muscles

A

serratus ventralis, rhomboideus, subclavius, scalenus, omohyoideus, expaxials (longissmus, semispinalis capitus), Longus muscles (longus coli, longus capitus)

60
Q

Explain branching basic spinal nerve

A

DR and VR converge forming SN which diverges into DB and VB; DB splits into lateral and medial branches

61
Q

Cervical region spinal nerve

A

Dorsal cutaneous branch splits from medial branch; VB -> ventral cutaneous branch

62
Q

Thoracic region spinal nerve

A

dorsal cutaneous branch from lateral branch; ventral branch splits into lateral and ventral cutaneous branches

63
Q

lumbar region spinal nerve

A

dorsal cutaneous branch from lateral branch; ventral branch splits into lateral and ventral cutaneous branches

64
Q

General path of spinal nerves C1-C5

A

In cervical region medial branch of DB gives off dorsal cutaneous branches (sensory to dorsolateral neck); lateral branches of DB = motor muscles of neck and give off some cutaneous branches

65
Q

brachial plexsus

A

ventral branches C6-T2

66
Q

phrenic nerve

A

ventral branches C5,C6,C7

67
Q

prescapular branch superficial cervical artery

A

passes dorsally through superficial cervical LNs

68
Q

short superficial cervical artery

A

passes cranially from subclavian as subclavian winds around 1st rib

69
Q

cephalic vein location

A

in groove between descending pectoral and brachiocephalicus (aka lateral pectoral groove)

Equine Anatomy (14 decks)

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